Learninga relatively permanent change in an organism�s behavior due to experience
a relatively permanent change in an organism�s behavior due to experience
Adaptabilityour capacity to learn new behaviors that enable us to cope with changing circumstances
our capacity to learn new behaviors that enable us to cope with changing circumstances
How do we learn?
Association, Classical conditioning, Operant conditioning and Observation
Association
our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence
Classical conditioning
we learn to associate two stimuli, in order to anticipate events that will follow (e.g. bell sounding before a certain stumil takes place, we become accustomed to the after stimulation after hearing a bell)
Respondent behavior�
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus (conditioned or unconditioned)
____'s work provided a basis for later behaviorists like John Watson and B. F. Skinner. Behaviorists focus on ____.Pavlov�s, observable behavior
Pavlov�s, observable behavior
Unconditioned response (UR)
naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned stimulus (UR)
naturally and automatically elicits a response
Conditioned response (CR)
learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
Conditioned stimulus (CS)�
an originally neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response by being associated with an unconditioned stimulus
Acquisition� the initial stage in classical conditioning in which an association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus takes place.
the initial stage in classical conditioning in which an association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus takes place.
Why is Timing is important when dealing with Acqusition?
In most cases, for conditioning to occur, the neutral stimulus needs to come before the unconditioned stimulus.�The time in between the two stimuli should be about half a second.
Extinction
When the US (food) does not follow the CS (tone), CR(salivation) begins to decrease and eventually causes extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
After a restperiod, an extinguished CR (salivation) spontaneously recoversin weakened form. But if the CS(tone) persists alone, the CR becomes extinct again.
Stimulus Generalization
Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS iscalled generalization. Pavlov conditioned the dog�s salivation (CR) by usingminiature vibrators (CS) on the thigh. When he subsequently stimulated otherparts of the dog�s body, salivation dropped
Stimulus Discrimination
Discrimination is thelearned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimulithat do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
Pavlov�s Legacy
Pavlov�s greatest contribution to psychology isisolating elementary behaviors from more complex ones through objectivescientific procedures
Early behaviorists believed that learned behaviors of variousanimals could be reduced to ______ ____.
mindless mechanisms.
later behaviorists suggested that animals learn thepredictability of a stimulus, meaning they learn ____ or ____ of a stimulus.
expectancy or awareness
Habituation
we learn to ignore unchangingstimuli Ex. you don�t notice certain smells after being in a place for a while
Associativelearning
learning that certain events occur togetherEx. your dog knows you are aboutto go on a walk when you grab the leash
Classical conditioning, AKA Pavlovianconditioning
type of learning in which a response naturallyprovoked by one stimulus comes to be provoked by a different, formerly neutralstimulus
neutralstimulus
is one that does not usually produce thebehavior being studied.
ConditionedResponses Over Time: Extinction andSpontaneous Recoveryexplain with dog experiment
If Pavlov had stopped giving the dogs foodafter ringing the bell, eventually, they would stop drooling to the sound ofthe bell. This is known as extinction If Pavlov had then gone back to dogs whoseconditioned response of drooling had been extinguished, and again startedgiving them food after the bell rang, he would have seen reconditioning
reconditioning
quick relearning of a CRfollowing extinction
extinction
gradual disappearance of aconditional response when a conditional stimulus no longer predicts appearanceof the unconditioned stimulus
Spontaneousrecovery
the reappearance of the conditioned responseafter extinction and without further pairings of the conditioned andunconditioned stimuli
Stimulusgeneralization
a phenomenon in which a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulusMight drool to a similar bell
Stimulusdiscrimination
a process through which individuals learn to differentiate among similar stimuli and respond appropriately to each oneEx. babies crying; there is a cry when they are hungry, angry, and in pain
Describe Biological Predisposition according to slides
Some associations are more quickly learned than others.Nausea and the taste of foodFear of spiders, snakesWhy?Ecologically relevant�similar to how stimuli are associated in the natural environmentEvolutionarily adaptive
Phobias
irrational fears of particularthings, activities, or situations
OperantConditioning
a type of learning in which a behavior isstrengthened if followed by a reinforce or diminished if followed by a punisher
Operantbehavior
behavior designed to operate on theenvironment in a way that will gain something desired or avoid somethingunpleasant
Lawof effect �rewarded behavior islikely to recur
�rewarded behavior islikely to recur
______ formsassociations between stimuli (CS and US). Operant conditioning, on the otherhand, forms an association between behaviors and the resulting events
Classical conditioning
Shaping
reinforcers guide behavior towards the desired targetbehavior through successive approximations.
Reinforcement
anyevent that strengthens or increases the frequency of the preceding response
Positive reinforcement
strengthens a response by presenting a (usually) pleasurable stimulusStrength of reinforcement varies with circumstances
Negative reinforcement
strengthens aresponse by removing an aversive stimulusNot punishment!
PrimaryReinforcer
An innately reinforcing stimulus like food or drink.
ConditionedReinforcer
A learned reinforcerthat gets its reinforcing power through association with the primaryreinforcer.
ImmediateReinforcer
A reinforcer that occurs instantly after a behavior. Arat gets a food pellet for a bar press
DelayedReinforcer
Areinforcer that is delayed in time for a certain behavior.