Describe the flow of blood from the veins, into the heart, to the lungs, and back out to the body
Vena cava --> right atrium --> tricuspid valve --> right ventricle --> pulmonary valves --> pulmonary trunk --> pulmonary arteries --> lungs-->pulmonary veins --> left atrium --> bicuspid/mitral valve --> left ventricle --> aortic valve --> aorta -->body (or coronary arteries --> heart tissue --> coronary sinus --> right atrium)
Describe what is happening in the P, QRS, and T waves of an ECG
P wave: depolerazation of atrial muscle and beginning of atrical contractionQRS Wave: depolerazation of ventricles then ventricular contractionT Wave: ventricular relaxation and repolarizationAtria repolarization are not seen
Describe how an electrical signal travels through the heart
Charge starts in the SA node and travels across wall of atrium to the AV node. Charge passes through AV node and along AV bundle, through the fibrous skeleton of the heart and into the interventricular septum. Chrage in the AV bundle divides into right and left branches and charge decends int o the apex of each ventricle. Finally charge is carred by the purkinje fibers to the ventricular walls.
What is "preload" and "afterload"?
Preload is the degree to which the ventricular walls are stretched at the end of diastole. Afterload is the pressure against which the ventricles must overcome in order to pump blood
Describe the regulation of blood pressure through beroreceptors
Baroreceptors detect changes in BP and then change the heart rate and force of contraction. These receptors are found in large arteries such as the aorta. When the receptors feel the stretch they send a signal to the medulla oblongata in the brain and the brain then sends aeither a parasympathetic or sympathic signal to slow down or speed up the heart and contract force. The receptor reflexes help to maintain blood pressure in short changes such as when excersising but don't maintain long term BP
What are the types of antibodies and what do they do?
IgG: activate complement and promote phagocytosis. Can cross placent and provide immune support for fetusIgA: secreted in saliva, tears and mucous membranes for protection; found in colostrum and milk for newborn supportIgM: Activates complements and acts as antigen binder on B cells; responsible for transfusion reactions and often first antibody to be made in response to an antigenIgE: Binds to mast cells and basophils and stimulates the inflammatory responseIgD: Functions as antigin binding receptors on B cells
What do lysozymes do and where can they be found?
They break down cells and can be found in tears, saliva, mucus and sweat
What is histamine and what does it do?
A protein from mast cells, basophils, and platelets. Causes vasodialtion, increased vascular permeability, stimlation of gland secretions, smooth muscle contraction in lungs and calls eosinophils to action
What are Kinins and what do they do?
Polypetides from plasma. Cause vasodilation, increase in vascular permeability, stimulate pain receptors and attract neutrophils
What are interferons and what do they do?
Proteins from most cells that interfere with virus production and infection by warning other cells that the one broadcasting is hijacked and must be destroyed
Complement proteins, what are they and what do they do?
Plasma prteins that increase vascular permeability, stimulate histamine and activate kinins
Prostaglandins, what are they and what do they do?
Group of lipids which cause smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation, increased vascular permeability and stimulate pain receptors
Leukotrienes, what are they and what do they do?
group of lipids produced by mast cells and basophils that cause prolonged muscle contraction, vascular permeability and attract neutrophils and eosinophils
What are Pyrogens and what do they do?
Released by neutrophils, monocytes and other cells that stimulate a fever
What are the immune cells of the innate immune system and what do they do?
Primary cells in the innate system are neutrophils, eosinophils, baophils, mast cells, monocytes and macrophages. The cellscome from red bone marrow and mature there and in tissues. The mature cells are found in blood, connective tissue and lymphatic tissue. The primary secratory products are histamine, kinins, complement, prostaglandins, leukotriences, and interferons. Their primary actions are inflammatory response and phagocytosis.
What are the immune cells of the adaptive immune system and what do they do?
The primary cells in adaptive immune system are B cells for the anti-body mediated system and T cells for cell mediated. They are made in the red bone marrow and b cells mature there ; T cells mature in the thymus. The mature cells can be found in blood and lymphatic tissue. B cells secret antibodies while T cells make cytokines. The B cells primary action is proection against extracellular antigens while the T cells protect against INTRACELLUAR antigens and tumors. B cells can be involved in immediate hypersensitivity while T cells are involved in delayed hypersensitivity.
Compare and contrast adaptive (antibody mediated and cell mediated) vs innate immunity
Adaptive immunity grows and changes depending on what the person is exposed to and cells learn. New antibodies are made and the body trains to react faster and faster to the same exposed antigen. This is very specific with what it reacts to. With innate immunity the person is born with it and it cannot change Every person has the same innate immunity and these can be mechanical in nature (skin, mucous membranes, tears etc) chemical mediated, cells, and the inflamatory response.