Shoulder flexion
axis: acromial processstationary arm: midaxillary line of thoraxMoveable are: lateral midline of hte humerus using the lateral epicondyle of the humerus for reference
shoulder extension
axis: acrominal processstationary arm: midaxillary line of the thoraxmoveable arm: lateral midline of the humerus using the lateral epicondyle of the humerus for reference
shoulder abduction
axis: anterior aspect of the acromial processstationary arm: parallel to the midline of the anterior aspect of the sternummoveable arm: medial midline of the humerus
shoulder adduction
axis: anterior aspect of the acromial process stationary arm: parallel to the midline of the anterior aspect of the strnummoveable arm: medial midline of the humerus
shoulder medial (internal) rotation
axis: olecranon processstationary arm: parallel or perpendicular to the floormoveable arm: ulna using the olecranon process and ulnar styloid process for reference
shoulder lateral (external) rotation
axis:olecranon processstationary arm: parallel or perpendicular to hte floormoveable arm: ulna using the olecranon process and ulnar styloid process for reference
Elbow flexion and extension
axis: lateral epicondyle of the humerusstationary arm: lateral midline of hte humerus using the center of the acromial process for referencemoveable arm: lateral midline of the radius using the radial head and radial styloid process for reference
forearm pronation
axis: lateral to the ulnar styloid process stationary arm: parallel to the anterior midline of the humerusmoveable arm: dorsal aspect of the forearm, just proximal to the styloid process of the radius and ulna
forearm supination
axis: medial to the ulnar styloid processstationary arm: parallel to the anterior midline of the humerusmoveable arm: ventral aspect of hte forearm, just proximal to the styloid process of the radius and ulna
hip flexion
axis: over the lateral aspect of the hip joint using the greater trochanter of the femur for referencestationary arm: lateral midline of the pelvismoveable arm: lateral midline of the femur using the lateral epicondyle for reference
hip extension
axis: over the lateral aspect of the hip joint using the great trochanter of the femur for referencestationary arm: lateral midline of the pelvismoveable arm: lateral midline of the femur using the lateral epicondyle for reference
hip abduction
axis: over the ASIS of the extremity being measuredstationary arm: align with imaginary horizontal line extending from one ASIS to the other ASISmoveable arm: anterior midline of the femur using the midline of the patella for reference
hip adduction
axis: over the ASIS of the extremity being measuredstationary arm: align with imaginary horizontal line extending from one ASIS to the other ASISmoveable arm: anterior midline of the femur usine the midline of the patella for reference
knee flexion and extension
axis: lateral epicondyle of the femurstationary arm: lateral midline of the femur using the greater trochanter for referancemoveable arm: lateral midline of the fibula using the lateral malleolus and fibular head for reference
ankle plantar and dorsiflexion
axis: lateral aspect of the lateral malleolusstationary arm: lateral midline of the fibula using the head of the fibula for referencemoveable arm: parallel to the lateral aspect of the fifth metatarsal