Mercantilism
called for the acquisition of gold and silver wealth through trade; trade should be supported through government regulation to achieve a favorable trade balance
natural laws
according to Hobbes and Locke, human nature is governed by this
natural rights
life, liberty and property are examples of rights
social contract
an agreement by which people give up their natural rights for an organized society
physiocrat
used natural laws to define economic systems; believed that governmentshould not interfere with trade (free trade) and that real wealth came from making the land more productive
laissez faire
a policy that allows businesses to operate without government interference
salon
a social gathering in which artists and thinkers exchange ideas
enlightened despot
used Enlightenment ideas to bring about political and social change;Joseph II, Catherine the Great; Frederick the Great
constitutional government
powers are defined and limited by law
social contract; people are born naturally cruel, greedy and selfish;Leviathan; absolute monarchy best controlled people
Thomas Hobbes
believed that people were born with natural rights and that they formed governments to protect those rights. People had a right to overthrow a government that fails to protect their natural rights.This was radical- people used to believe that government existedto serve the needs of the ruler, not "the people
John Locke
Believed the separation of powers protected the libertiesof the people. "in order to have liberty, it is necessary that the powers of the government be separated
Monesquieu
believed that freedom of speech and thought wereessential rights. "I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it
Voltaire
editor of the controversial Encyclopedia
Denis Diderot
philosopher who believed people were basically good butcorrupted society and that in an ideal society, people would put the collective good over their own interests; The Social Contract
Jean- Jacques Rousseau
there should be no government regulations on trade"laissez faire; economist
Adam Smith
emperor of Austria; son of Maria Theresa;wanted to improve the life of his people
Joseph II
Prussian king; "first servant of the state;" hired Voltaire toopen a science academy
Frederick II
exchanged letters with Voltaire and Diderot
Catherine the Great
Why did the Enlightenment use reasonto solve society's problems?
Because of the success of the scientific revolution; the RCC didn't support this; not all monarchs were enlightened;the Industrial Revolution came later
What are Enlightenment ideas that are now identified as American ideals?
Freedom of speech, freedom of religion, the idea that all people are created equal under the law, the right of everyoneto own property, liberty and justice for all, the will of the majorityas the basis for government.
First Estate
the clergy; provided some social services; paid no direct taxes to the state
Second Estate
the nobles; owned land but had little money income;freedom from paying taxes; rights included top jobs and hunting wild game
Third Estate
98% of the population; included rural peasants and urban workersas well as the bourgeoisie; burdened by taxes; supported France's economy
Bourgeoisie
wealthiest members of the Third Estate; (middle class of 3rd)
Estates General
hadn't met for 175 years until summoned by Louis XVI; each Estate provided cahiers to the king' deadlocked over the issue of voting; Third Estate walked out and formed the National Assembly
Deficit Spending
spending more money than is taken in
Bastille
the prison that was rumored to have weapons; its "storming"set the revolution into motion and pushed the National Assembly into action
National Assembly
famous for their Tennis Court Oath; moderate phase of the French Revolution,issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and the Constitution of 1791
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
stated that all men were born free and equal in rights
Constitution of 1791
established a new Legislative Assembly with the power to make laws,collect taxes and decide on the issues of war and peace; limited monarchyinstead of absolute monarchy
Waterloo
site of Napoleon's defeat
Suffrage
the right to vote
Emigre
a person who fled revolutionary France to line in another country
Sans-culottes
without culottes", working class revolutionaries
Nationalism
a feeling of pride in and intense devotion to one's country
Reign of Terror
when Robespierre tried to crush all opposition to the revolution;many were executed with the guillotine
Napoleonic Code
guaranteed the equality of all citizens before the law
Congress of Vienna
it's chief goal was to create a lasting peace by establishing strongnations surrounding France and a balance of power and by protectingthe system of monarchy
September massacres
ordinary citizens who were fired to fury by real and imagined grievances;they attacked prison that held nobles and priests accused of politicaloffences and killed them, along with ordinary criminals. Bloodthirsty mobs?Patriots?
Toussaint L'Ouverture
self educated, former slave who led the revolution in Haiti