Cilia
numerous, short, hair-like projections extending from the surface of a cell.Move material across the surface of the cell
Flagella
moves the entire cellIn human body - only sperm cell have flagella. Eukaryotic flagella move in a whip-like manner
Cell wall in algae, plants, and some fungi
CelluloseAll the cell walls of eukaryotes made of carobahydrates
Cell wall in most fungi
Chitin
Cell wall in yeasts(unicellular fungi)
Glucan and manna
Cell wall in animal cells
No cell wall, just an outer sugar coating called Glycocalyx that attached to plasma membrane.
Glycocalyx
Sticky carbohydrates - helps cells recognize one another and stick to one anotherprotect the cell from digestion by enzymes.Also attracts a film of fluid to teh surface of many cells, ex. RBC's making them slippery to pass through narrow vessels.
Plasma membrane
is a flexible, sturdy barrierstructure - fluid mosaic modelhave phospholipid bilayer and proteins for transport
3 types of membrane proteins
1 - Integral proteins - extend across the entire lipid bilayer2. Trasnmembrane proteis - extend from extracellular fluid to cytosol3. Peripheral proteins - associate loosely with the polar heads ,on the inner or outer surface of membrane. Many membane proteins are glycoproteins.
Ion channels(pores)
allow sodium potassium pass throughopen/closesingle type of ion pass
Transporters
move a polar substance from one side to another.
Receptors
recognize and bind a specific molecule. The chemical binding to the receptor is called a ligand.
Enzymes
catalyze specific chemical reactions at the inside or outside surface of the cell.
Cell-identity markers
glycoproteins and glycolipids, such as humand leukocyte antigens
Transport mechanisms
Simple and facilitated diffusionosmosisActivce transport ( no group transolcation)Vesicular transport
Endocytosis
vesicular transport - materials move into a cellviruses can take advantage of this mechanism to enter cells2 TypesPhagocytosisPinocytosis
Phagocytosis
engulf particles
Pinocytosis
ingestion of extracellular fluid
Exocytosis
material moving out of the cell via secretory vesicles
Structural framework of the cytoplasm
microfilamentsintermediate filamentsmicrotubules
Cytoplasmic streaming
movement of cytoplasm and nutrients throughtout the cell
Nucleus
double membranre, have pores for trasportNucleolus - in the centerChromotin - similar to cytoplasmNucleolus and Chromotin have DNA in them the nucelolus is just darker(histones coil dna tightly)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
extend from ne nuclear membrane that form flattened sace or tubules
Rough ER
Continuous with the nuclear membrane and has ribosomes on outer surfaceRibosomes - synthesize proteins The proteins than enter the space inside the ER for further processing and storing.
Smooth ER
extend from the rough ER, no ribosomes. Synthesizes fatty acids and steroids, tedosifies druges, stores calcium ion.
Ribosomes
Sites of protein synthesis80SSome on Rough ERsome are free floating in cytoplasm.Also found in chloroplasts and mitochondria 70S
Golgi Complex
Faces ER and reseives proteins from Smooth ER via vesicles. Contains dif. enzymes that modifies, sort and package protines. Release proteins via:Secretory vesicle - to outside the cellStorage visicle - proteins stoled in cytoplasm as lysosomes - distroyes debri.
Lysosomes
have digestive enzymes digests: worn-out organells, ceullar content, substances that where ate or drunk from the outside the cell.
Vacuoles
cavity in plantsderived from the Golgi complexServe:Structural supportstorage of bio molecules, ionsstore metabolic waist
Centrosome
involved in cell division and contain centrioles- mitotic spindle formation that pull chromosomes apart.
Mitochondria
Making ATP and Cell respiraion.Double membraneInner membrane has folds called - cristae - increases surface area to make more ATPInside inner mem. called matrixDevided independently from cell and has own DNA and 70S ribosomes-binary fission
Chloroplast
Only in algae and green plantspigment chlorophyll and enzymes ncessary for photosynthesisSelf-replicate sing their own DNA and Contain 70S ribosomes - binary vission.
Endosymbiotic Theory
mitochndria and chloroplasts in eukaryotis are like bacteria that got somehow into the cell.