Procaryote Cells
Cells without true nucleus. Ex. Bacteria
Ribosomes
Part of procaryote cellSite of protien synthesis
Eucaryotic Cells
Cells with a true nucleus
Chromatin
Part of eucaryotic cellsFibers of DNA
Vacuoles
DigestionChemical storageH2O balenceCell enlargement
Chloroplast
Converts solar energy to sugar molecules
Mitochondria
Powerhouse; Convert energyEx. Glucose => ATPWhere most ATP is producedWhere most cellular respiration occurs
Nucleolus
Mass of chromatin, DNA, RNA, & protiensWhere ribosomes are costructed
Lysosomes
Digest materialsFuse with white blood cells to destroy bacteriaTransport vehicle
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes on membraneSite of protien synthesisWhere cell membrane is produced
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Found in the liverProduction of lipidsDetoxification of drugs, degrades alcohol & cholesterolFormation of hormones & steroids Stores calcium ions in muscles
Goolgi Complex
Distribution CenterRecieves, stores, modifies, & distributes chemical products of the cell
Diffusion
Particles spread out from more concentrated areas to less concentrated across a permeable membrane
Osmosis
Passive transport of H2O
Facilitated Diffusion
Protiens move substances thru cell walls
Active Transport
2 Types:EndocytosisExocytosis
Endocytosis
Moves particles in
Exocytosis
Moves particles out
Phagocytosis
Cellular eating
Hypertonic
Higher concentration of solutes
Hypotonic
Lower concentration of solutes
Isotonic
Equal concentration of solutes
Potential Energy
Capacity to do work
Kinetic Energy
Energy to actually do work
2 Types of Chemical Reactions
Endergonic ReactionsExergonic Reactions
Endergonic Reactions
Require energy Ex. Photosynthesis
Exergonic Reaction
Releases energyEx. Wood burning
Cellular Respiration Definition #1
Creating energy from food molecules by your cells
Cellular Respiration Definition #2
Cell takes apart a glucose molecule & taps the energy carried by electrons being rearranged when old bonds break & new ones form
Cellular Respiration Formula
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2+ 6H2O + ENERGY (ATP)
Redox Reactions
Reductions = addition of electronsOxidation = loss of electrons
3 Kinds of Work Cells Perform
Mechanical - movement of ciliaTransport - brain cells pump ions across their membranesChemical - linking amino acids -> protiens
3 Stages of Cellular Respiration
GlycolysisKreb's CycleElectron Transport Chain
Glycolysis
Happens in cytoplasm Glucose => Peruvic Acid + Energy (ATP, NADH)
Kreb's Cycle
Happens in mitochondria Peruvic Acid -> C-C-C ->CO2 kicked off C-C(acetic acid) + CoEnzyme A + ATP
Electron Transport Chain
Happens in mitochondria membraneStores electrons from stages 1 & 2 to make most cells ATP
Long Wavelengths...
Have less energy than shorter wavelengths
Photosynthesis
Ultimate source of food for every organismThe most important chemical process on Earth
Photosynthesis Formula
6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2
Photosynthesis Stage #1 - Light Reaction
Occurs in thylakoid membraneAbsorbs solar energyConverts to chemical energy stored in ATP & NADHDoesn't produce sugar, only energy!
Sexual Reproduction
Union of sperm & eggCreates genetic variation
Asexual Reproduction
Production of offspring by a single parent without egg & spermProduces exact genetic replicasAlso called binary fussionEx. Bacteria reproduce this way
Mitosis
Daughter cells with same # of chromosomesIdentical copies
Meiosis
Reduces # of chromosomes by 1/2
Homologous Chromosomes
A pair of chromosomes that look alike & carry the same genes for the same trait (exception, sex chromosomes)
Eucaryote Reproduction
Have true nucleusWhen nucleus is not dividing DNA is a tangled mass of thin threads called chromatin When it starts dividing DNA becomes highly coiled & condensed called chromosomes
3 Processes of Cell Division
Interphase - Cell prepares to replicateMitosis - Nuclear division resulting in the same # & kind of chromosomes in daughter cells as parent cells Cytokinesis - Division of cytoplam
Interphase G1
Period before DNA synthesis increases in: protiens, organelles, size, MTOC & centriole pairs appear
Interphase S
DNA synthesis begins resulting in two sister chromatids (single DNA strand)
Interphase G2
Time from DNA synthesis to the onset of cell division
4 Main Stages of Mitosis
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
Prophase
Chromatin fibers condense, chromosomes visableNucleolus disappearsMTOC's begin to move towards polesMiotic spindle grows out of nuclear membrane fragment
Metaphase
Sister chromatids line up on equator of cellMTOC's at poles Spindle apparatus fully formed* Centromere - where sister chromatids are connected
Anaphase
Centromeres divide & chromosomes seperateDaughter chromosomes move towards poles
Telophase
Nuclear envelope forms around daughter cellsNucleolis reappearsChromosomes become diffused chromatin
Cytokinesis
Cell division
Haploid
Cells with a single set of chromosomes
Gamate
Sex cells with haploid # of chromosomesEx. Sperm & eggs
Diploid
Homologous set of chromosomes (2 chromosomes)
Stages of Meiosis I
InterphaseProphase IMetaphase IAnaphase ITelophase ICytokinesis
Interphase I
Chromosomes replicate = 2 genetically identical sister chromotidsMTOC's with centriol pairs appear
Prophase I
Most complex stage90% of cell reproduction cycle occurs hereHomologous chromosomes with identicals sister chromatids pair up forming a tetrad (4 chromotids)
Metaphase I
Tetrads line up on metaphase plate
Anaphase I
Chromosomes moving toward poles
Telophase I & Cytokinesis
Chromosomes arrive at polesNuclear envelope appearsCytokinesis shows clevage furrow
Meitosis II
Is basically like a miotic division without chromosome replication
Prophase II
Chromosomes condenseSpindle formsNuclear envelope fragments
Metaphase II
Chromotids line up on metaphase plate
Anaphase II
Sister chromotids seperate
Telophase II & Cytokinesis
4 haploid daughter cells (sperm or egg)
Crossing Over
Original chromosomes break apart & exchange genetic informationHappens in prophase
Independent Assortment
Chromosomes align independently (randomly) at metaphase plateMaternal or paternal chromosomes may be oriented toward either poleHappens in metaphase
Cancer
Normal cells in your body die after approximately 50 replications, cancer cells are immortal
Cancer Cells
Don't have a properly functioning cell cycle control system therefore divide excessivelyUncontrollable growth
Tumor
Excessive cell growth resulting in an abnormal mass of cells
Benign Tumor
Abnormal mass of normal cells that remain at original site in body
Malignant Tumor
Cancerous!Capable of spreading out to surrounding tissues or other parts of body
Metastasis
Spread of cancer cells beyond original site
Carsinoma
Originate on external or internal coveringsEx. Skin, intestinal lining
Sarcoma
A rise in tissueEx. Bone, muscle
Lukemia & Lymphomias
Cancers of the blood foring bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes
Oncogene
Genes that cause cancer
Protooncegene
Have potential to become oncogenes
Embryonic Stem Cells
Taken from 5 day old blastocyst (blastula)Will differentiate into any type of cell
Adult Stem Cells
Scarcer that embryonic stem cellsLimited to tissue of origin
Umbilical Cord Cells
Stem cells from newbornProduce only blood cells (red & white & other parts of immune system