positive impression
can be 2D or 3D deposition of a substance onto a substrate
negative impression
removal of a substance from the receiving surface e.g. powder or dust
shoe print class characteristcs
size and brand
individual characteristics of shoes
unique wear patterns, cuts, foreign objects inbeded in tread
collection of footprints
photography casting (for 3D impression)gelatin lifer ( 2-D impression) electrostatic dust lifter -uses static 2Dd impressions collect item with print impression (shirt)
Photography of shoe print
use tripod make sure camera lens is perendicular to the impression take shot without scale then with a scale and identifier make sure impression fills entire frame use OBLIQUE lighting with flashlight or flash lighting less then 45% to print 4 different shots even in daylight
obtaining known standards (tire impressions and shoes)
finger print ink method -Rolled on paper vaseline method -vaseline on tred and rolled on paper process with black fingerprint powder specific to shoes collect biofoam
Amido Black-turns black blue
Leucocrystal violet _turns purple water based and sprayed on
chemical enhancement used for impession in blood
firearms (class characteristics)
bullet, caliber, general rifling, casing, caliber, brand, shape of firing pin mark
individual characteristics ( fire arms)
bullets, minute random/marking/straitions, casings, impressed marks/striated marks, due to structural irregularites/ variations
handguns
long guns
types of firearms
single shot-no casing
revolvers -no casing
semiautomatic leaves casing
types of handguns 3
rifles
shotguns
types of long guns
caliber
the diameter of the bore of a rifled firearm expressed in hundreds of an inch or mm .22 caliber, 9mm, .30 caliber, 7.62mm, .357 caliber
gun barrel
hollowed out by drilling during manufactoring cause microscopic drill marks that are random and irregular also impressed the inner surface with spiral grooves
rifling
spiral grooves that impart spin to the projectile when it is fired (so the bullet will go straight)
no , smooth bore
does a shot gun have rifling?
striations in the barrel caused by
minute imprerfections on the rifling culters surface minute chips of steel pushed through random distribution and irregularites are impossible to duplicate to any two barrels even when manufactured in succession
impressed marks on casing
breechblock firing pin extractor ejector
gunpowder residues
ammunition is propelled by the expanding gases created by ignition of smokeless powder of nitrcellube in cartridge unburned and partically burned particles of gunpowder plus smoke are propelled out
particles
strippling, tattooing
smoke
soot, fouling
distance determination
gun powder residue permits...the asessement of the distance from which a weapon was fired
contact to <1'
smoke like vaporous lead surrounds entrance hole: fibers scorched stelle shape hole
12-18"
halo of vaporous smoke, specks of unburned or partially burned powder grains observed up to 25"
over 3'
no powder residue or powder grains bullet wipe around entrance hole
lead, barium, and antimony
all 3 of these must be present in primer residue
tool marks
any impression cut, gouge, or abrasion caused by a tool coming into contact with another object
class ( toolmarks )
size shape of mark
individual tool marks
random nicks and breaks through use or random striations from manufacturing process
bitemarks
swab for DNA photograph cast