epidermis: avascular or vascular
avascular
what layer contains nerves, sensory receptors, blood vessels, lymphatics
dermis
which glands produce sweat / perspiration (i.e. saline)
eccrine
eccrine glands mature at what age
2 mos
apocrine glands are activated at what age
puberty
decomposition of ___ sweat produces body odor
apocrine
sweat glands located in axillae, nipples, areolae, anogenital area, eyelids, ears
apocrine
secretion of ___ glands decreases with aging
apocrine
glands that lubricate skin and nails
sebaceous
glands concentrated in scalp and face
sebaceous
overproduction of sebum in adult or child, technical terms
seborrheic dermatitis
common name of condition for infant / child in which there is overproduction of sebum
cradle cap
what are the 2 types of hair
vellus, terminal
fine soft non-pigmented hair
vellus
___ hair covers entire body except
vellus
vellus hair does not cover
palms, soles, glans penis, inside labia
layer below the skin is
subcutaneous
2 more names for subcutaneous tissue
adipose, hypodermis
what is uremic frost
urea waste excreted through skin
vitamin D is necessary for the absorption of ___ and is produced when ___ light comes in contact with skin
calcium, ultraviolet
6 functions of skin
protectionsensory protectionthermoregulationaids in wound repairabsorption and excretionvitamin D production
atopic
hypersensitivity occurring in a part of the body not in contact with the allergen
dysplastic mole
larger, irregular shaped mole with irregular borders
xerosis
excessive dryness
seborrhea, what is it and what is the common name?
oily flakes of skin, dandruff
pruritis
itching
pruritis common ___ or ___ disease because of
kidney or liver, decreased metabolism and excretion of waste
medications may cause photosensitivity which leads to
sunburn
alopecia
diffuse, patchy or total hair loss
trichotillomania
pulling out hair
hirsutism, and the cause
abnormal growth of hair in unusual places, frequently r/t increased androgen production by adrenal glands
intertriginous areas
skin folds, such as under the breasts and in feet
check especially the intertriginous folds of the feet for
diabetics
vitiligo
absence of melanin pigment causing patchy areas on the skin
ephelides is the technical name for
freckles
nevi
moles
pallor
white or lighter color, in dark skinner people a gray skin color
cigarrette smoking does what to peripheral vessels
vasoconstriction
erythema
flushed appearance because of blood
hyperemia
excess of blood
why rest an extremity with an entry point of infection
movement drives the infection deeper into the tissues
polycythemia
increased RBCs
central cyanosis occurs when
5 gm unoxygenated Hgb secondary to cardiopulmonary problems.
why is Hgb level important in regards to central cyanosis.
if Hgb is 8 and central cyanosis occurs with 5 gm Hgb unoxygenated, then more than 1/2 of Hgb unoxygenated before pt shows central cyanosis ... pt can become severely hypoxic and possibly die.
jaundice is caused by
higher levels of bilirubin in the blood
bilirubin is a byproduct of
RBC breakdown
bilirubin is normally excreted through the
GI tract
causes of jaundice
biliary obstruction, ineffective breakdown due to liver disease or immature livers (newborns)
icteric
jaundice
pt with jaundice has ___ color skin
yellow
diaphoresis
profuse sweating
thirst is an early / late sign of dehydration
late
corns are distinct from calluses how
has an inner core
arterial insufficiency causes skin to be
shiny, thin, hairless
turgor
how fast skin snaps back when pinched
don't test turgor on elderly hands because
false positive
cherry angioma
tiny blood blister
cherry angioma size, where located
1-5 mm, on upper body
Telangiectases
dilated superficial blood vessels
Spider angioma, what is it, where located
central arteriole with radiating branches, usually upper body
spider angioma r/t ___, why
liver disease, hormones are in excess from being less metabolized
spider angioma, a few might be normal / abnormal
normal
what are the two types of Telangiectases
spider angioma, venous star
does spider angioma blanch with pressure? Why?
yes ... it is arterial
does venous star blanch with pressure? Why?
no, it is venous
venous star associated with
increased venous pressure
what are Petechiae? What is the size? they are from what cause?
1 - 3 mm, deep red, rounded shapes which results from superficial capillary bleeding caused by bacteremia and bleeding disorders (such as thrombocytopenia)
thrombocytopenia
decreased platelets causing a bleeding disorder
purpura are
extensive confluent patch of petechiae
senile purpura r/t
thinning skin
Ecchymosis
a bruise
hematoma is a
raised bruise
scalding, belt strap/buckle, cigarette burns, etc. are what type of injury
pattern injuries
which glands open up into hair follicles
apocrine
Jaundice may be seen in what 2 junctions
between the hard & soft palate, sclera & skin