Comm 1500, exam 3


Internet media: GENERALLY


more like TV and Radio Anyone with receivers could access


Net Neutrality


Currant Internet providers are required to create all web content equality


Internet Decentralized: Infinite space


Emphasized international communities More voices included, too many voices Agenda settingbenefits & costs,


Internet: Two Way Communication


Feed-back Nothing goes away


Internet: Integration w/ other media


Marketing Platform Disembodied media-not physical


History of Wrestling Industry


CARNIVAL Fixed Professional�s vs locals Choreographed Story lines created


real matches, fake matches are types of...


CONVENTIONS-codes between insiders


KAYFABE, in wrestling


code of silence about how wrestling works


INTERPRETIVE COMMUNITIES: SMARTS & MARKS


Smarts are insiders Marks are outsiders


�coming out� (trace relation of industry & audiences)


1992-Sports entertainment


Bennefits of interpretive communites on industry of wrestling (internet)


Brings people together Story fixed Match fixed Provided a way to get audience feedback


AUDIENCE,AND WRESTLING


SMART MARKS Hybrid GATHER INFO TALK AMONG SELVES FEEDBACK TO INDUSTRY-integrate fan opinion Story line-angles


Reason (3) FOR: SELF GOVT


The best decisions are made by people who have the ability to argue for or against point and ideasEssential means of discovering truthThe individual has the ability to discover from trial and error


Reasons Against (2) Sefl Government


free speech can harm the community Can harm individual rights Hate speech/crime


RIGHTS AS CONVENTIONS


new idea Not universalnot absolute


BALANCING FREE SP WITH OTHER INTERESTS


Value of the speech vs the value of the governing body


Hierarchies of Speech


Political is high value Academic speech is high value Low value- obscenity, hate speech, fighting words Intermediate- advertising, entertainment


Most vs Least Protected Media


High value- print media, face to face communication Low value- broadcast media


Scarcity & Captive Aud Doctrines


FCC REGS-federal communication commissiononly certain amount of bandwith or frequency


Trends in 1st Amend Law, & Circumstances


More freedom as time goes on Fighting words allowed Can criticize government and war Wartime- free speech can be temporarily restricted


Print Media: Prior Restraint vs Punish After


PRIOR RESTRAINT-controlling content before publication POST PUBLISHING PUNISHMENT


Campaign Finance Reform & Corporate Control


FREE AIR TIME CONTRIBUTION LIMITS


Cases on Campaign reform


1886-santa Clara city vs. southern pacific railroad-Corporations are persons, have rights 1976-Buckly Vs Vallejo-spending money is speech McCain Finegold Bill- no soft money, no advertising 60 day before election season Citizens united vs FEC- repealed McCain Bill


Ethics defined


involve questions of right or wrong conduct


2 Major Criticism of Ethics practice


MORAL RELATIVISM- no absolute right or wrong EXPEDIENCY


Importance of Ethics in business


job descriptionCan limit success


Duty Based Ethical Theories


IMMANUEL KANT-CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE STDS: PERSON AS END NOT MEANS ACTS ONLY AS ALL OUGHT TO ACT


Consequence Based Ethical Theories


JOHN STUART MILL �UTILITARIANISM- judge an action by its consequences


Four levels of analysis


INDUSTRIES COMMON PRACTICES MESSAGE TYPES INDIVIDUAL MESSAGES


4 Basic Steps to Judge


1) ANALYZE CASE/ MSSG: SOURCE, RECEIVER, MEDIUM, CONTEXT2) APPLY ETHICAL THEORIES, duty- consider the rights of persons, Consequence, freedom of speech, conduct, proof, etc� 3) MAKE JUDGMENT4) PROPOSE SOLUTION


Ethics Generalizations: (2 models)


A) AUDIENCE RESPONSIBLE 1) LIBERTARIAN MODEL: WEAK MEDIA/STRONG AUDIENCE, individual choice, not medias fault B) INDUSTRY RESPOSIBLE 2) SOC RSP MODEL: STRONG MEDIA/WEAK AUDIENCEB)


POLYSEMY & INTENT


all messages are polysemic


RESPONSIBILITY in media


can�t hold author responsible


MESSAGE VARIABLES (more ethical vs more effective)


REASON OVER EMOTION-reason is more ethical TEXT OVER VISUAL more influential


Why Industry loves Lib Model (but sometimes speaks & acts diff)


industry is responsible for the influence it holds over its audience.


SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY MODEL


people can make their own decisions


Women�s Body Image, & other media stereotypes


Representations of beauty, changes in body image Nobody can have a perfect body Visual media Counter image


EXTREMES OF FREE SPEECH


Nuremburg Files and Christian Gallery- pro life, incitement to kill abortion doctors, post pictures of the women seeking abortions to make them ashamed of getting abortionsHate speech and White supremacy


RHETORIC & SPEECH in practice


art of persuasive speech


PRODUCTION & INTERPRETATION


skill set for created can be the same of analyzing


RHETORICAL/MEDIA CRITICISM


how speech can be analyzed and understood analyzing the messageevaluate and judge the message


MEDIA CRITICISM (people and theories)


ROLAND BARTHES & SEMIOTICS as an approach to understanding messagesSTANLEY FISH & INTERP COMMS for understanding literature


MEDIA CRITICISM (PRACTICE)


DAN WEISSBERG & WRESTLING LAUREN BERLANT & CITIZENSHIP-understand what citizenship is, understand popular culture�s meaning of citizenship


TWO THEORIES OF MEDIA CULTURE


MASS CULTURE THEORIESPOPULAR CULTURE THEORIES


MASS CULTURE THEORIES


massification of culture is connected to the culture industry- wants to sell culture.


MASS CULTURE THEORIES (people)


FRANKFURT SCHOOL WALTER BENJAMIN & MECH. REPRODUCTION- what happens to culture during industryfolk culture disappears, from the bottom upHORKHEIMER & ADORNO coined- CULTURE INDUSTRYNOAM CHOMSKY: NEWS & PROPAGANDA-manufacture our consent and majority


MASS CULTURE THEORIES (functions)


PROFIT-primary goal is to make money PROPAGANDA-promote economic ideas


MASS CULTURE THEORIES (where culture comes from)


CULTURE IMPOSED FROM ABOVE


POPULAR CULTURE THEORIES (people)


Derrida �everything is polysemicJOHN FISKE- culture is a process of making meaning


POPULAR CULTURE THEORIES (where culture comes from)


AUDIENCE DRIVEN: DEMAND, RESISTANCE CULTURE CREATED FROM BELOW


ROMANTIC PLOT


driven by a heroes confrontation of circumstance, and triumphs


COMIC PLOT


Driven by misunderstanding and error, resolved by knowing the truth


TRAGIC PLOT


tragic flaw, horrific events, resolved in more horrible events


SATIRICAL PLOT


ome absurd condition of life, everyone is affected/can�t escape


FUNCTIONS (MAJOR & MINOR)


Minor-No significance laterMajor-Have significance


STORY TYPES: HISTORY, FICTION, RELIGIOUS


History=TrueFiction=Understand not true, pretendReligious=belief that it is true


4 THEORIES OF THE PRESS


AuhortarianTotalitarianLibertarianSocial Responsability


Language=power


Cooperate in complex wayscomplex thoughttechnological capacitySpirituality and culture


Writing


Larger societiesHistorical Progressenabled creation of Tradition


Venacular


Common language


Propoganda


denial of choice


Demomgraphic


age, gender, etc


Psychographic


Psychological categories


Advertising techniques


False authorityBandwagonLittering generalitiesslogans/jingle


3 things that narrow the Surplus of meaning


Contex, Tone, Non verbal (posture expression)


EPS cycle


Elite, Popular, Specialized


Why is writing difficult to narrow the surplus of meaning


There is no Context or verbal/non-verbal ques


Books and EPS


Elite: X2 Elite, then middle classPopular: Rotary press, political/culturalSpecialized: small audiences


3 examples of early publications with influence


THOMAS PAINE�S COMMON SENSEFREDERICK DOUGLASS�S NARRATIVE:Life as a slaveHORATIO ALGER: Rags to riches


Be familiar with the main characters � their names and character development


Harry Balter: Harry Balter is a white boy of about Lauren's age. He is the boyfriend of Joanne Garfield, who is his cousin. When Lauren's neighborhood is overrun by thieves and arsonists, Harry is one of the few survivors, and he and Lauren, along with Zahra,escape together. Taylor Franklin Bankole: Bankole is a fifty-seven-year-old African-American doctor. He joins Lauren's group about four weeks after their trek north begins; he is heading toward some land he owns in the hills on the coast where his sister and her family liveTravis & Gloria Douglas-First people to join Laura. Dominic is there sonJill & Allie Gilchrist-Running away from their pimp fatherDoe Mora : Doe Mora is the eight-year-old daughter of Grayson Mora. Grayson Mora-Grayson Mora is a Latino and the father of Doe Mora. He is the last person to join Lauren's groupZahra Moss: Zahra Moss is Richard Moss's husband. He purchased her from her homeless mother when she was fifteen.With Harry Balter, Zahra is one of the few survivors, and she joins the other two and walks north. Zahra can neither read nor write, and Lauren begins to teach her.Keith Olamina: Keith Olamina is twelve years old, the oldest of Lauren's three brothersLauren Olamina : Lauren Olamina is the narrator and heroine of the novel. She is fifteen yearsold when the story begins. Lauren is African-American, intelligent andwell-educated, already having taken some college-level courses.Marcus Olamina: Marcus Olamina is Lauren's eleven-year-old brotherReverend Olamina: Reverend Olamina is Lauren's father. He is a Ph.D. and he teaches at the local college. He is also a Baptist ministerEmery Tanaka Solis: Emery Tanaka Solis is a twenty-three-year-old woman of mixed racial origins. Here and her daughter join Lauren's group near the end of the journeynorth.


Media Learning curve


Takes a while to learn to use a new technologyCompletely digitizedBorrow from the previous media practices


Elite Partisan Press


Professional model- objective and factualPolitical party news, biased


NATIONAL GAZETTE


Philip fern-Designed to oppose Washington�s economic ideasHybrid


ELITE READERS & REPUBLICAN PARTY


Deferential political system- ideas trickle down societyStarted during the founding of the countryAlien and Sedition acts-Crime to criticize government officials or policies


Backpacker content analysis


(45% adds, 14%gear) almost 60% for selling


THE LANGUAGE OF CINEMA


TECHNIQUES OF EDITINGSHOTS AND MUSIC THE LANGUAGE OF- STORYTELLING DEVELOPSSHOOTING & SCENES


THE LANGUAGE OF STORYTELLING DEVELOPS


EDITINGEDWIN PORTER - GREAT TRAIN ROBBERY (1903)Shots not taken in orderNickelodeonStory boardBlack and white


DW GRIFFITHS - BIRTH OF A NATION (1915)


Long filmShorter scenesIts own scoreClose ups and different angles


SHOTS


180 degree ruleSHOT/REVERSE shot Seen from all sides of a scene PANNING


PRO-WAR FILMS (plot)


PLOT: ROMANTICDriven by a heroes confrontation with circumstanceHero triumphsHero changed foreverInspire support for the war


PRO-WAR FILMS (NARR PERSP)


ONE SIDED/DEHUMANIZE ENEMYBiased


PRO-WAR FILMS


INSPIRE AUDS TO SACRIFICE OR HONOR CAUSE, VETS, COUNTRY


ANTI-WAR FILMS (Plot)


COMIC-Youthful idealists come to realizations of warTRAGIC-Driven by tragic flaw or conditionDark side of human nature


PRO-WAR FILMS (REPRESENTATIONS OF VIOLENCE)


MINIMIZED/SANCTIFIED Violence not shown in detailNo bloodInspire audiences to die for honor and glory


ANTI-WAR FILMS (NARR PERSP)


TWO SIDEDENEMY HUMAN


ANTI-WAR FILMS (REPRESENTATIONS OF VIOLENCE)


Emphasize gore and violenceCreate revulsionViolence is unnecessary


ANTI-WAR FILMS (GOAL)


INSPIRE REVULSION TOWARD WAR


CODES ENABLE READING OF MEDIA MESSAGES AND MEDIA MESSAGES REWRITE CULTURAL CODES


Create their own codes Media changes the code


MOTION PICTURES & EPS CYCLE (UNUSUAL CASE)


Made in the popular stage Specialized in 50s Compete with television Elaborate special effects


RADIO�S UNIQUE TECHNOLOGY


Developed from the telegraphFirst radio stations owned by electric companiesNot distributed physically (can�t see)


RADIO SPECTRUM & REGULATION


Not part of the physical spectrumCan�t see itOnly so much bandwidthGovernment involvementRadio act of 1927FRC (federal radio commission)1934 FCC (federal communication commission)


Radio Learning Curve


Vaudville


Experiential differences between radio & TV news


LIVE vs RECORDED MUSIC THE PROFESSIONALIZATION OF MUSIC Better expectations


Basic characteristic of music (3)


NON-RATIONAL-appeals to emotion POLYSEMIC-many possible meanings Age, sex, political opinion MNEMONIC- creates strong memory


FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE: METAPHOR


Trope and a simileSIGNIFIER VS SIGNIFIED-intended meaning, indirect meaning FIGURAL VS LITERAL- indirect meaning, literal meaning VEHICLE VS TENOR


FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE: IRONY


Interpreting Music: & narrowing surplus, metaphor & irony Interpretive Communities & Intertextuality (relation of)


CHARACTERS & SIGNIFICATION


POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES CONSERVATIVE: ECONOMIC & SOCIAL-skeptical of government LIBERAL: ECONOMIC & SOCIAL government is good CHAR SIGNIFYING IDEOLOGIES: ARCHIE & MIKE


Televangelism & Prophecy


Semiotic System (news events and prophecies)Relating scripture to past events or past events to scripture