Internet media: GENERALLY
more like TV and Radio Anyone with receivers could access
Net Neutrality
Currant Internet providers are required to create all web content equality
Internet Decentralized: Infinite space
Emphasized international communities More voices included, too many voices Agenda settingbenefits & costs,
Internet: Two Way Communication
Feed-back Nothing goes away
Internet: Integration w/ other media
Marketing Platform Disembodied media-not physical
History of Wrestling Industry
CARNIVAL Fixed Professional�s vs locals Choreographed Story lines created
real matches, fake matches are types of...
CONVENTIONS-codes between insiders
KAYFABE, in wrestling
code of silence about how wrestling works
INTERPRETIVE COMMUNITIES: SMARTS & MARKS
Smarts are insiders Marks are outsiders
�coming out� (trace relation of industry & audiences)
1992-Sports entertainment
Bennefits of interpretive communites on industry of wrestling (internet)
Brings people together Story fixed Match fixed Provided a way to get audience feedback
AUDIENCE,AND WRESTLING
SMART MARKS Hybrid GATHER INFO TALK AMONG SELVES FEEDBACK TO INDUSTRY-integrate fan opinion Story line-angles
Reason (3) FOR: SELF GOVT
The best decisions are made by people who have the ability to argue for or against point and ideasEssential means of discovering truthThe individual has the ability to discover from trial and error
Reasons Against (2) Sefl Government
free speech can harm the community Can harm individual rights Hate speech/crime
RIGHTS AS CONVENTIONS
new idea Not universalnot absolute
BALANCING FREE SP WITH OTHER INTERESTS
Value of the speech vs the value of the governing body
Hierarchies of Speech
Political is high value Academic speech is high value Low value- obscenity, hate speech, fighting words Intermediate- advertising, entertainment
Most vs Least Protected Media
High value- print media, face to face communication Low value- broadcast media
Scarcity & Captive Aud Doctrines
FCC REGS-federal communication commissiononly certain amount of bandwith or frequency
Trends in 1st Amend Law, & Circumstances
More freedom as time goes on Fighting words allowed Can criticize government and war Wartime- free speech can be temporarily restricted
Print Media: Prior Restraint vs Punish After
PRIOR RESTRAINT-controlling content before publication POST PUBLISHING PUNISHMENT
Campaign Finance Reform & Corporate Control
FREE AIR TIME CONTRIBUTION LIMITS
Cases on Campaign reform
1886-santa Clara city vs. southern pacific railroad-Corporations are persons, have rights 1976-Buckly Vs Vallejo-spending money is speech McCain Finegold Bill- no soft money, no advertising 60 day before election season Citizens united vs FEC- repealed McCain Bill
Ethics defined
involve questions of right or wrong conduct
2 Major Criticism of Ethics practice
MORAL RELATIVISM- no absolute right or wrong EXPEDIENCY
Importance of Ethics in business
job descriptionCan limit success
Duty Based Ethical Theories
IMMANUEL KANT-CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE STDS: PERSON AS END NOT MEANS ACTS ONLY AS ALL OUGHT TO ACT
Consequence Based Ethical Theories
JOHN STUART MILL �UTILITARIANISM- judge an action by its consequences
Four levels of analysis
INDUSTRIES COMMON PRACTICES MESSAGE TYPES INDIVIDUAL MESSAGES
4 Basic Steps to Judge
1) ANALYZE CASE/ MSSG: SOURCE, RECEIVER, MEDIUM, CONTEXT2) APPLY ETHICAL THEORIES, duty- consider the rights of persons, Consequence, freedom of speech, conduct, proof, etc� 3) MAKE JUDGMENT4) PROPOSE SOLUTION
Ethics Generalizations: (2 models)
A) AUDIENCE RESPONSIBLE 1) LIBERTARIAN MODEL: WEAK MEDIA/STRONG AUDIENCE, individual choice, not medias fault B) INDUSTRY RESPOSIBLE 2) SOC RSP MODEL: STRONG MEDIA/WEAK AUDIENCEB)
POLYSEMY & INTENT
all messages are polysemic
RESPONSIBILITY in media
can�t hold author responsible
MESSAGE VARIABLES (more ethical vs more effective)
REASON OVER EMOTION-reason is more ethical TEXT OVER VISUAL more influential
Why Industry loves Lib Model (but sometimes speaks & acts diff)
industry is responsible for the influence it holds over its audience.
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY MODEL
people can make their own decisions
Women�s Body Image, & other media stereotypes
Representations of beauty, changes in body image Nobody can have a perfect body Visual media Counter image
EXTREMES OF FREE SPEECH
Nuremburg Files and Christian Gallery- pro life, incitement to kill abortion doctors, post pictures of the women seeking abortions to make them ashamed of getting abortionsHate speech and White supremacy
RHETORIC & SPEECH in practice
art of persuasive speech
PRODUCTION & INTERPRETATION
skill set for created can be the same of analyzing
RHETORICAL/MEDIA CRITICISM
how speech can be analyzed and understood analyzing the messageevaluate and judge the message
MEDIA CRITICISM (people and theories)
ROLAND BARTHES & SEMIOTICS as an approach to understanding messagesSTANLEY FISH & INTERP COMMS for understanding literature
MEDIA CRITICISM (PRACTICE)
DAN WEISSBERG & WRESTLING LAUREN BERLANT & CITIZENSHIP-understand what citizenship is, understand popular culture�s meaning of citizenship
TWO THEORIES OF MEDIA CULTURE
MASS CULTURE THEORIESPOPULAR CULTURE THEORIES
MASS CULTURE THEORIES
massification of culture is connected to the culture industry- wants to sell culture.
MASS CULTURE THEORIES (people)
FRANKFURT SCHOOL WALTER BENJAMIN & MECH. REPRODUCTION- what happens to culture during industryfolk culture disappears, from the bottom upHORKHEIMER & ADORNO coined- CULTURE INDUSTRYNOAM CHOMSKY: NEWS & PROPAGANDA-manufacture our consent and majority
MASS CULTURE THEORIES (functions)
PROFIT-primary goal is to make money PROPAGANDA-promote economic ideas
MASS CULTURE THEORIES (where culture comes from)
CULTURE IMPOSED FROM ABOVE
POPULAR CULTURE THEORIES (people)
Derrida �everything is polysemicJOHN FISKE- culture is a process of making meaning
POPULAR CULTURE THEORIES (where culture comes from)
AUDIENCE DRIVEN: DEMAND, RESISTANCE CULTURE CREATED FROM BELOW
ROMANTIC PLOT
driven by a heroes confrontation of circumstance, and triumphs
COMIC PLOT
Driven by misunderstanding and error, resolved by knowing the truth
TRAGIC PLOT
tragic flaw, horrific events, resolved in more horrible events
SATIRICAL PLOT
ome absurd condition of life, everyone is affected/can�t escape
FUNCTIONS (MAJOR & MINOR)
Minor-No significance laterMajor-Have significance
STORY TYPES: HISTORY, FICTION, RELIGIOUS
History=TrueFiction=Understand not true, pretendReligious=belief that it is true
4 THEORIES OF THE PRESS
AuhortarianTotalitarianLibertarianSocial Responsability
Language=power
Cooperate in complex wayscomplex thoughttechnological capacitySpirituality and culture
Writing
Larger societiesHistorical Progressenabled creation of Tradition
Venacular
Common language
Propoganda
denial of choice
Demomgraphic
age, gender, etc
Psychographic
Psychological categories
Advertising techniques
False authorityBandwagonLittering generalitiesslogans/jingle
3 things that narrow the Surplus of meaning
Contex, Tone, Non verbal (posture expression)
EPS cycle
Elite, Popular, Specialized
Why is writing difficult to narrow the surplus of meaning
There is no Context or verbal/non-verbal ques
Books and EPS
Elite: X2 Elite, then middle classPopular: Rotary press, political/culturalSpecialized: small audiences
3 examples of early publications with influence
THOMAS PAINE�S COMMON SENSEFREDERICK DOUGLASS�S NARRATIVE:Life as a slaveHORATIO ALGER: Rags to riches
Be familiar with the main characters � their names and character development
Harry Balter: Harry Balter is a white boy of about Lauren's age. He is the boyfriend of Joanne Garfield, who is his cousin. When Lauren's neighborhood is overrun by thieves and arsonists, Harry is one of the few survivors, and he and Lauren, along with Zahra,escape together. Taylor Franklin Bankole: Bankole is a fifty-seven-year-old African-American doctor. He joins Lauren's group about four weeks after their trek north begins; he is heading toward some land he owns in the hills on the coast where his sister and her family liveTravis & Gloria Douglas-First people to join Laura. Dominic is there sonJill & Allie Gilchrist-Running away from their pimp fatherDoe Mora : Doe Mora is the eight-year-old daughter of Grayson Mora. Grayson Mora-Grayson Mora is a Latino and the father of Doe Mora. He is the last person to join Lauren's groupZahra Moss: Zahra Moss is Richard Moss's husband. He purchased her from her homeless mother when she was fifteen.With Harry Balter, Zahra is one of the few survivors, and she joins the other two and walks north. Zahra can neither read nor write, and Lauren begins to teach her.Keith Olamina: Keith Olamina is twelve years old, the oldest of Lauren's three brothersLauren Olamina : Lauren Olamina is the narrator and heroine of the novel. She is fifteen yearsold when the story begins. Lauren is African-American, intelligent andwell-educated, already having taken some college-level courses.Marcus Olamina: Marcus Olamina is Lauren's eleven-year-old brotherReverend Olamina: Reverend Olamina is Lauren's father. He is a Ph.D. and he teaches at the local college. He is also a Baptist ministerEmery Tanaka Solis: Emery Tanaka Solis is a twenty-three-year-old woman of mixed racial origins. Here and her daughter join Lauren's group near the end of the journeynorth.
Media Learning curve
Takes a while to learn to use a new technologyCompletely digitizedBorrow from the previous media practices
Elite Partisan Press
Professional model- objective and factualPolitical party news, biased
NATIONAL GAZETTE
Philip fern-Designed to oppose Washington�s economic ideasHybrid
ELITE READERS & REPUBLICAN PARTY
Deferential political system- ideas trickle down societyStarted during the founding of the countryAlien and Sedition acts-Crime to criticize government officials or policies
Backpacker content analysis
(45% adds, 14%gear) almost 60% for selling
THE LANGUAGE OF CINEMA
TECHNIQUES OF EDITINGSHOTS AND MUSIC THE LANGUAGE OF- STORYTELLING DEVELOPSSHOOTING & SCENES
THE LANGUAGE OF STORYTELLING DEVELOPS
EDITINGEDWIN PORTER - GREAT TRAIN ROBBERY (1903)Shots not taken in orderNickelodeonStory boardBlack and white
DW GRIFFITHS - BIRTH OF A NATION (1915)
Long filmShorter scenesIts own scoreClose ups and different angles
SHOTS
180 degree ruleSHOT/REVERSE shot Seen from all sides of a scene PANNING
PRO-WAR FILMS (plot)
PLOT: ROMANTICDriven by a heroes confrontation with circumstanceHero triumphsHero changed foreverInspire support for the war
PRO-WAR FILMS (NARR PERSP)
ONE SIDED/DEHUMANIZE ENEMYBiased
PRO-WAR FILMS
INSPIRE AUDS TO SACRIFICE OR HONOR CAUSE, VETS, COUNTRY
ANTI-WAR FILMS (Plot)
COMIC-Youthful idealists come to realizations of warTRAGIC-Driven by tragic flaw or conditionDark side of human nature
PRO-WAR FILMS (REPRESENTATIONS OF VIOLENCE)
MINIMIZED/SANCTIFIED Violence not shown in detailNo bloodInspire audiences to die for honor and glory
ANTI-WAR FILMS (NARR PERSP)
TWO SIDEDENEMY HUMAN
ANTI-WAR FILMS (REPRESENTATIONS OF VIOLENCE)
Emphasize gore and violenceCreate revulsionViolence is unnecessary
ANTI-WAR FILMS (GOAL)
INSPIRE REVULSION TOWARD WAR
CODES ENABLE READING OF MEDIA MESSAGES AND MEDIA MESSAGES REWRITE CULTURAL CODES
Create their own codes Media changes the code
MOTION PICTURES & EPS CYCLE (UNUSUAL CASE)
Made in the popular stage Specialized in 50s Compete with television Elaborate special effects
RADIO�S UNIQUE TECHNOLOGY
Developed from the telegraphFirst radio stations owned by electric companiesNot distributed physically (can�t see)
RADIO SPECTRUM & REGULATION
Not part of the physical spectrumCan�t see itOnly so much bandwidthGovernment involvementRadio act of 1927FRC (federal radio commission)1934 FCC (federal communication commission)
Radio Learning Curve
Vaudville
Experiential differences between radio & TV news
LIVE vs RECORDED MUSIC THE PROFESSIONALIZATION OF MUSIC Better expectations
Basic characteristic of music (3)
NON-RATIONAL-appeals to emotion POLYSEMIC-many possible meanings Age, sex, political opinion MNEMONIC- creates strong memory
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE: METAPHOR
Trope and a simileSIGNIFIER VS SIGNIFIED-intended meaning, indirect meaning FIGURAL VS LITERAL- indirect meaning, literal meaning VEHICLE VS TENOR
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE: IRONY
Interpreting Music: & narrowing surplus, metaphor & irony Interpretive Communities & Intertextuality (relation of)
CHARACTERS & SIGNIFICATION
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES CONSERVATIVE: ECONOMIC & SOCIAL-skeptical of government LIBERAL: ECONOMIC & SOCIAL government is good CHAR SIGNIFYING IDEOLOGIES: ARCHIE & MIKE
Televangelism & Prophecy
Semiotic System (news events and prophecies)Relating scripture to past events or past events to scripture