1. Together, short-term mental storage and manipulation operations are called:
a. immediate memory
c. working memory
b. active memory
d. short-term memory
c. working memory
2. Using the computer as a metaphor for cognition, RAM is:
a. working memory
c. sensory memory
b. long-term memory
d. executive functioning
a. working memory
3. Using the computer as a metaphor for cognition, the hard drive is:
a. long-term memory
c. working memory
b. the brain
d. sensory memory
a. long-term memory
4. Working memory span is related to all of the following except:
a. verbal SAT scores
c. college GPA
b. speed of skill acquisition
d. general IQ
c. college GPA
5. William James believed that _________ memory is an initial repository for information to be inspected and attended to while __________ memory is a long-term storage system.
a. major, minor
c. working, semantic
b. quick, slow
d. primary, secondary
d. primary, secondary
6. According to William James, primary memory (or working memory) requires:
a. perceptual information
c. motivation
b. consciousness
d. secondary memory
b. consciousness
7. Miller argued that short-term memory holds about ______ items.
a. five
c. nine
b. seven
d. three
c. nine (Miller says 7 plus or minus two)
8. You have to remember of new phone number. Instead of remembering each of the seven digits individually (5-5-5-1-2-1-2), you remember two numbers (555-1212). This is an example of:
a. thinking
c. memorizing
b. chunking
d. consolidating
b. chunking
9. More recent estimates of short-term memory capacity are 3 + 1 instead of the 7 + 2 suggested by Miller. The newer estimates are lower because they take into account _________________.
a. technology
c. motivation
b. strategies
d. cohort effects
b. strategies
10. The Brown-Peterson task was used to assess the____________ of short-term memory.
a. capacity
c. accessibility
b. function
d. duration
d. duration
11. There is a debate over whether or not information lost from short-term memory is lost due to ____________ or _____________.
a. decay, displacement
c. decay, interference
b. time, obstruction
d. interference, capacity limitations
c. decay, interference
12. Using a search task, Sternberg found that information in short-term memory is processed:
a. in parallel
c. automatically
b. sequentially
d. relatively slowly
b. sequentially
13. The modal model of memory was proposed by:
a. Brown and Peterson
c. Miller
b. Sternberg
d. Atkinson and Shiffrin
d. Atkinson and Shiffrin
14. The sensory registers in the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory is related to ___________ research on sensory memory.
a. Kosslyn�s
c. Sternberg�s
b. Peterson and Peterson�s
d. Sperling�s
d. Sperling's
15. Neuropsychological research draws into question the ____________ nature of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory.
a. parallel
c. sequential
b. organizational
d. strategical
c. sequential
16. The ________________ is the control system in the Baddeley-Hitch model.
a. executive controller
c. central processor
b. central executive
d. operating system
b. central executive
17. Verbal information is processed in a short-term memory buffer referred to as the:
a. auditory store
c. acoustic processor
b. auditory memory
d. phonological loop
d. phonological loop
18. The Baddeley-Hitch model of memory was a major change in thinking about memory because it stressed:
a. a workplace for cognition
c. the relationship with long-term memory
b. the duration of memory
d. parallel processing
a. a workplace for cognition
19. The phonological loop consists of what two subcomponents?
A. auditory memory, phonological rehearsal
B. phonological store, articulatory rehearsal
C. auditory sensory buffer, working memory
D. short-term memory, rehearsal loop
B. phonological store, articulatory rehearsal
20. Translating verbal information into a speech-based code is _______________.
a. articulatory processing
c. phonological processing
b. aural processing
d. acoustic processing
a. articulatory processing
21. The _____________ effect occurs when similar sound-based codes are activated in the phonologocial loop.
a. phonological similarity
c. word-length
b. related-code
d. articulatory suppression
a. phonological similarity
22. The ability to create and manipulate mental images is associated with the ____________.
a. central executive
c. visuospatial scratchpad
b. visual loop
d. primary visual cortex
c. visuospatial scratchpad
23. The process of mentally refreshing stored locations to keep them highly accessible is:
a. executive processing
c. spatial attention
b. visual activation
d. spatial rehearsal
d. spatial rehearsal
24. The integration and coordination of information between the phonological loop and the visuospatial scratchpad is accomplished by the _____________.
a. operating system
c. homunculus
b. central executive
d. corpus callosum
b. central executive
25. Performing two distinct tasks at the same time is known as:
a. dichotic processing
c. dual-task coordination
b. multitasking
d. selective attention
c. dual-task coordination
26. If you were to conduct a study in which participants have to make decisions about words in sentences, what type of responding would yield the best results?
a. written response
c. verbal response
b. pointing
d. shadowing
b. pointing
27. Short-term storage relies on:
a. weight-based memory
c. process-based memory
b. activity-based memory
d. modality-based memory
b. activity-based memory
28. Long-term memory relies on:
a. weight-based memory
c. process-based memory
b. activity-based memory
d. modality-based memory
a. weight-based memory
Strengthening neural connections is the basis of:
a. weight-based memory
c. process-based memory
b. activity-based memory
d. modality-based memory
a. weight-based memory
30. A persistent pattern of neural activity is the basis of:
a. weight-based memory
c. process-based memory
b. activity-based memory
d. modality-based memory
b. activity-based memory
31. Increasing the amount of information to be stored ____________ the number of active brain regions and ________________ the activity of those regions.
a. increases, increases
c. does not change, increases
b. increases, does not change
d. increases, decreases
a. increase, increase
32. In the _____________ model, feedback connections allow activity maintained in working memory to bias the internal associations that are activated in response to perceptual input.
a. active feedback
c. response biasing
b. goal-maintenance
d. association-based
b. goal-maintenance
33. The ______________ may be involved in chunking information into meaningful units.
a. integration area
c. episodic buffer
b. semantic buffer
d. consolidation center
c. episodic buffer
34. Drugs that increase the level of or facilitate the action of ___________ enhance working memory capabilities.
a. epinephrine
c. serotonin
b. acetylcholine
d. dopamine
d. dopamine