Define depression.
dysphoric or depressed state.
What changes can be a manifestation of depression? (8)
(SIG-E-CAPS)SleepInterestGuiltEnergyConcentrationAppetitesPsychomotor retardationSuicidal ideations
What is endogenous depression?
Depression that occurs without apparent precipitating cause.
List (7) other uses for antidepressants.
Anxiety: doxepinEnuresis: imipramineChronic pain syndrome: amitriptylineSmoking cessation: bupropionBulimia: fluoxetineOCD: fluoxetine, sertralineGAD: venlafaxine, paroxetine
What is the general action of antidepressants:
Antidepressants prevent the reuptake or breakdown of neurotransmitters.SerotoninNorepinephrineDopamine
List (6) types of antidepressants.
SSRI: Selective Serotonin Reuptake InhibitorSNRI: Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake InhibitorMAOI: Monoamine Oxidase InhibitorTCA: Tricyclic antidepressantTetracyclic: e.g. Mirtazapine (Remeron)Other: e.g. buproprion (Welbutrin)
What are are (5) contraindications to antidepressants?
HypersensitivityNarrow-angle glaucomaPregnancyLactationImmediately after MI
What are (6) precautions of antidepressant use?
Older clients with cardiovascular diseaseElderly with prostate enlargement (urinary retention)Anticholinergic effects may require dosage modifications or d/cDosage - slow titrationFull therapeutic effect may take 3-4 weeksMay ?SZ threshold especially with burpropion (Wellbutrin)
What risk is there when using antidepressants with a suicidal client?
There is an increased risk of suicide as antidepressants start to work, secondary to an increased energy level.
What are some "red flags" with suicidal clients?
Sudden sense of well beingGiving away prized objects
What are two classifications of MAO Inhibitors?
Hydrazines: phenelzine sulfate (Nardil)Nonhydrazines: tranylcypromine sulfate (Parnate)
What are the pharmacokinetics of MAOIs?
Absorbed rapidly from the GI tractMetabolized in the liver into metabolitesExcreted mainly in the urine
What are the pharmacodynamics of MAOIs?
MAOIs appear to work by inhibiting monoanimine oxidase.Monoanimine oxidase normally metabolizes norepinephrine and serotonin, making these neurotransmitters more available to the receptors.
What are the pharmacotherapeutics of MAOIs?
Treatment of choice for atypical depressionUsed to treat typical depression when other treatments are unsuccessful; phobic anxieties, neurodermatitus, hypochondriasis, refactory narcolepsy
What are some precautions with MAOIs?
Tyramine: Hypertensive crisismerperidine (opiod analgesics): hypo- or hypotensive coma or deathHypotensive: Additive effect with antihypertensives or spinal anasthesiaHypoglycemic: additive effect with oral hypoglycemic or insulin
Where is tyramine found?
FoodTCAslevodopaamphetaminesvasoconstrictorssympathomimetric drugs
What foods have tyramines?
Red wines - beer - liqueursaged cheeseprocessed meats - smoked or pickled fishchicken or beef liver pateyeast, yogurtfava beans
What may be used to treat hypertensive crisis?
phentolalamine (Regitine) - off label use
Describe the first-pass effect.
Many oral drugs undergo deactivation and sometimes activation when altered by hepatic metabolism.Alternative routes can bypass the first-pass effect e.g. sublingual, rectal, or parenteral.
What are (4) common TCAs?
imipramine hydrochloride (Tofranil)amitriptyline hydrochloride (Elavil)amoxapine (Acendin)nortriptyline hydrochloride (Aventyl, Pamelor)
What are the pharmacokinetics of TCAs?
Absorbed completely when POFirst-pass effectMetabolized in liverexcreted in urineExtremely fat-soluble (long half-life)
What are the pharmacodynamics of TCAs?
Increases NOR and serotonin by preventing reuptake and storage in presynaptic nerves.
What are the pharmacotherapeutics of TCAs?
Treat episodes of major depressionLess effective with:.... hypochondriasis.... atypical depression.... depression with delusionsInverstigated for use with:.... migraine headaches.... phobias.... urinary incontinence.... attention deficit disorder.... ulcers.... diabetic neuropathy
What are TCA drug-drug interactions?
Many commonly used drugsMay prevent therapeutic response to some antihypertensivesAdditive effect with drugs with anticholineric effectscimetidine (Tagamet) impairs metabolism
What are some adverse reactions with TCAs?
Orthostatic hypertensionArrhythmiasSedationIncrease risk in the elderly
What is the advantage of SSRIs?
They have fewer side effects TCAs and MAOIs
List (3) common SSRIs.
fluoxetine hydrochloride (Prozac)paroxatine hydrochloride (Paxil)sertraline hydrochloride (Zoloft)
What are the pharmacokinetics of SSRIs?
Almost completely absorbed when POHighly protein boundmetabolized in liverexcreted in urine
What are the pharmacodynamics of SSRIs?
Selectively inhibits neuronal reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin
What are the pharmacotherapeutics of SSRIs?
Treat major depressive episodes.Depending on the SSRI:.... anxiety disorders.... eating disorders.... personality disorders.... impulse control disorders
What are SSRIs drug-drug interactions?
Competitively inhibits a liver enzyme that is responsible for the oxidation of numerous drugs.MAOIs: can cause serious and potentially fatal reactions.
What are some adverse reactions with SSRIs?
AnxietyInsomniaSleepinessPalpitationsSerotonin Syndrome
What causes Serotonin Syndrome?
The excessive accumulation of serotonin.May be due to Rx and/or OTC meds
What are signs and symptoms of Serotonin Syndrome?
At least three of the following:.... change in MS.... agitation.... myoclonus.... hyperreflexia.... fever.... diaphoresis.... ataxia.... diarreaMay include:.... abdominal pain.... ?BP.... tachycardia.... ? motor activity.... mood changesSevere reactions:.... high fever.... cardiovascular shock ? death
List (5) miscellaneous antidepressants.
maprotiline hydrochloride (Ludiomil)mirtazapine (Remeron)bupropion hydrochloride (Wellbutrin)venlafaxine hydrochloride (Effexor)trazodone hydrochlorine (Desyrel)
Define bipolar disorder.
Mood swings of extreme euphoria and DepressionMania: catecholamine stimulationDepression: diminished catecholamine stimulation
What medications are used to treat bipolar disorder?
lithium carbonate (Eskalith)divalproex (Depakote)lamotrigine (Lamictal)Carbamazepine (Tegretol)Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal)Topiramate (Topamax)Tiagabine (Gabitril)
What are the pharmacokinetics of lithium?
Absorbed rapidly and completely when PODistributed to body tissues.Crosses placenta; enters breast milkNot metabolizedExcreted unchanged by kidneys
What are the pharmacodynamics of lithium?
Regulates catecholamine release in CNS:.... increases NOR and serotonin uptake.... reduces the release of NOR from synaptic vesicles in presynaptic neuron.... inhibits NOR's action in postsynaptic neuron
What are the pharmacotherapeutics of lithium?
Treatment of acute mania and prophylaxis of recurrance
What are lithium drug-drug interactions?
Therapeutic Range (TR): 0.5 - 1.5 mEq/L (narrow)Serious reactions can occur
What are some adverse reactions with lithium?
Salt restricted diet can cause toxicity.... vomiting.... diarrhea.... tremor.... muscle weakness.... slurred speech.... decreased coordination.... drowsiness
What are neuroleptics?
Antipsychotic drugs
What are the pharmacotherapeutics of neuroleptics?
SchizophreniaAcute maniaPsychotic depressionSchizoaffective disordersDrug induced psychosisChildren with extreme behavior
What are some off label uses of neuroleptics?
agressive, disruptive, and delusional behaviorHallucinationsAnxietyInsomnia that sometimes accompanies Alzheimer's disease
What is the action of antipsychotic drugs?
Block dopamine receptors; D 1,2,3,4,5D 2,3,4 haave been associated with mental illness
What are the pharmacodynamics of aripiprazole (Abilify)?
Dopamine stabilizer.... When dopamine is too low ? Abilify enhances it.... When dopamine is too high ? Abilify reduces it
What are some adverse reactions of antipsychotic drugs?
Most are EPSTreat with anticholinergic meds:.... benztopine (Cogentin).... diphenhydramin (Benadryl)
What are Extra-Pyramidal Symtoms (EPS)?
Dystonia (acute)Pseudo-parkinsoniumAkathisiaTardive dyskinesiaNeuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS)
What is dystonia?
Muscle rigidity and cramping.... stiff neck.... thick tongue.... swallowing issues
What is pseudo-parkinsonium?
bradykinesiatremor
What is akathisia?
Intense desire to move"Can't stay still"
What is tardive dyskinesia?
Permanent involuntary movement.... lip smacking, chewing, tongue protrusion, .... blinking, chorieform limb movements
What is Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS)
Can be fatalHigh feverrigidityunstable blood pressuredeliriumelevated enzymes
What is psychosis?
A break from reality.
What is meant by positive or negative symptoms?
Positive symptoms are thoughts, behaviors, or sensory perceptions present in a person with a mental disorder, but not present in people in the normal population.Negative symptoms are thoughts, feelings, or behaviors normally present that are absent or diminished in a person with a mental disorder.(http://www.minddisorders.com/Ob-Ps/Positive-symptoms.html)(http://www.minddisorders.com/Kau-Nu/Negative-symptoms.html)
What are positive symptoms of psychosis?
Hallucinations: can effect any of the sensesDelusions: a false or fixed belief.
What are negative symptoms of psychosis?
Affect disturbanceAnergiaAlogiaAvolitionAmbivalenceAnhedonia
What is anergia?
A lack of energy(Taber's Dictionary of Medical Terms)
What is alogia?
Completely speechless.(Taber's Dictionary of Medical Terms)
What is avolition?
"A general lack of desire, drive, or motivation to pursue meaningful goals".(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avolition)
What is ambivalence?
Simultaneous opposite feelings regarding something
What is anhedonia?
Inability to experience pleasure
What is the general action of typical (traditional) antipsychotic drugs and what are they used to treat?
They block D 2,3,4 dopamine receptors. They are used to treat negative symptoms of schizophrenia and have no effect of positive symptoms
What is the general action of atypical antipsychotic drugs and how are they used?
They are weaker D2 dopamine receptor blockers so:.... less risk of EPS.... less risk of TD (Tardive Dyskinesia)They effectively treat positive and negative symptoms
What are the two major groups of typical antipsychotics drugs and their attributes?
Phenothiazines: chloropromazine (Thorazine).... low potency.... high sedation.... low EPSNonphenothiazines: haloperidol (Haldol).... high potency.... low sedation.... high EPS
List (6) atypical antipsychotic drugs and their main adverse reactions.
clozapine (Clozaril): argranulocytosis, seizures (monitor WBCs)olanzapine (Zyprexa): weight gainaripiprazole (Abilify): anxietyrisperidone (Risperdal): can have prolactin issuesquetiapine (Seroquel): sedationziprasidone (Geodon): Q-T wave prolongation
What is/are nursing interventions for dystonic Rxn?
Administer medicationReassure client
What is/are nursing interventions for Tardive Dyskinesia?
Use AIMS scale, report score
What is the AIMS scale?
Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale
What is/are nursing interventions for NMS?
Stop antipsychotic medsNotify PCP immediately
What is/are nursing interventions for akathisia or EPS?
Administer meds as orderedAssess for effectiveness
What is/are nursing interventions for seizures?
Protect client from injuryStop medsNotify PCPprovide privacy
What is/are nursing interventions for sedation?
Caution about alert activities (car driving)
What is/are nursing interventions for photosensitivity?
Avoid exposureWear sunscreenWear protective clothing
What is/are nursing interventions for sexual dysfunction?
Teach client to inform PCP or impotence or diminished libido
What is/are nursing interventions for weight gain?
Encourage balanced dietEncourage regular exerciseFocus on minimizing gain
What is/are nursing interventions for anticholinergic effects?
Ice chipsSugarless hard candyShould decrease with time, if not notify PCP
What is/are nursing interventions for constipation?
Increase fluidIncrease dietary fiberMay need stool softener
What is/are nursing interventions for urinary retention?
Teach to report if no improvement
What is/are nursing interventions for orthostatic hypotension?
Teach to rise slowly from lying to sitting or standingDo not ambulate until no longer dizzy or light headed.