Chest containers
HeartMajor vesslesLungsEsophagusTrachea
Chest cavity is protect by...?
Rib cage (12 ribs)SternumSpine
Signs & symptoms of Chest injury
Difficulty breathingPain when breathingDeformity/bruisingcyonisiscoughing up blooddistended neck vainsDeviated trachea
Chest Puncture wound (Knife/Bullet)
Result: Sucking chest wound
signs and symptoms of sucking chest wound
air passing freelyhear sucking soundlungs fail
Type of Dressing for Sucking wound
Occlusiveair tighttape all sides but one corner
Liver functions
rich blood supplydetoxifyprocess nutrientsdigets fat
Spleen Functions
under diaphram (left side)stores blooddestroys old blood cellsproduces antibodies
Stomach functions
digest foodcontains acid
Signs & symptoms of abdominal injury
External bleedingthirstprotruding organsnausea and vomitingblood in urine
Open wound care
911DO NOT apply pressureRemove clothing from woundcover with plastic wrapDO NOT push organs back inApply moist sterile dressingCover with towel or blanket for warmth
Care for Embeded object
Do Not Remove(unless in cheeck or in chest when interfering with CPR)911stabalize with bulky dressing
Care for Amputation
Care for bleedingsend bystander for body partwrap missing part in steril gauzeplace in cold plastic bagNo direct contact with ice
Avulsion
Body part still connected/severly severed
Back boarding techniques
fingers alway up on at least one handkeep back straight and eyes fowordlift with your legs
Brain injuries-extreme force
Symptoms may appear rapidly, or over dayschange in conciousnessEratic behaviorsevere headachefluid in ears or nose
Severity of injury
fall greater than vitims heightdivingfound unconciousblunt force to headinjury penetrates headcar crashwhere helmet is cracked or brokenunconcious in water
Concussion
Usually no permanent damageunconsciousloss of memory
Scalp Injury
Direct Pressure unless:depression in skullspongybone fragments
Put pressure AROUND wound
Cheeck injury
May remove object
Nose bleed
could just be high blood pressure
Lost teeth
Place in milk till implanted
Tendons
Muscle to bone
Ligament
Bone to bone (joints)
Crepitus
Grinding bones
HAINES
High Arm In Endangered Spine
(spine friendly recovery position)
RICE
Rest Ice Compression Elelvation
Shoulder (3 bones)
ClavicleScapulaHumerus
Elbow splint
Bent or Straight
Splinting guide
Support injured partCover open woundscheck circulation and sensationPad rigid splintssecure splint with cravats, roller bandages, cloth, etc...Recheck circulation after applyingElevate if possible
Lower extremities
Ground can be a splint
Continue to check...
ABC'sVital signschanges in LOCTreat for shock
Two types of Splints
Tractionserger or J-splint
Once a splint is apllied a first responder CANNOT...
let go of victims leg
Money Buys Lots-of Hot Toys
Middle StrapBottem StrapLegsHead StrapTop Strap
When a baby's head becomes visible during birth
Crowning
A mother should Breath ____ and____ breaths while giving birth
Slow and Deep
To keep the baby from ermergin to quickly you may...
Put light pressure on the baby's head
Prolapsed Umbilical Cord
Cord comes first, then child
Breech Birth
Feet or butt first
With children, you must control your...
Emotional and facial expression
For children do not _____ during rescue breathing
Heperextend neck (blocks airway)
Infants breath through their__
Nose
With children, Insert the oral (mouth) airway...
Down
Check children from
Toes to head
# cause of death in children
injury
3 types of child abuse
PhysicalPsychologicalSexual
Insect sting: sting present remove...
Without tweezers, Scrape away
Signs of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Spotted rashUsually on wrist and ankles first
Lymes Disease
Caused by Deer TickBull-eye Rash appears
HGE (from ticks)
Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis
Care for Ticks
Use tweezers to removeDO NOT burn offAlchohol or antibiotic ointment at site
Black widow Spider
Red hourglass on belly
Brown Recluse spider
Dark Brown Violin shape on top of body
Care for Scorpion bites/stings
call 911wash wound sitemay need Antiveninapply cold pack to reduce swelling
signs of snake bite
1-2 punture wounds
Care for snake bites
wash woundcall 911immobilize infected partkeep it lower thna the heart
DON'TS of snake bites
apply icecut the woundapply tournaquituse electric shock
Portuguese Man-of-War treatment
Soack in vinegar
Signs of Raibies
Salivate (foaming), appear partially paralyzed, act irretible, aggressive, or quite
Care for Other animal bites
Clean woundsee a doctorDo not try to capture the animal
Human Bites
Very dirtylots of bacterium
West Nile
From mosquitoesbirds and horses are dying...Not serious in healthy people
Shock
temporary loss of blood to brainblood pools in extremitiesbrain shuts down
Reyes Syndrom
Do not give Aspirinmotrenor tylonal
Siezure types
Petit mal- small seizureGrand Mal-full blownTonic- prolonged contractionsClonic- Rapid contractions
Feeling that occurs before seizure
Aura
Once a seizure is occuring
Do NOT attempt to hold or restriainTime the seizure
At risk poluations for inordinate temperature regulation
ChildrenElderlyDiuretics (eliminates water)
Heat emergency sequence
Heat crampsHeat ExhaustionHeat Stroke
Heat cramps
Treat for shock rest and rehydration
Heat Exhaustion
Blood is being diverted from essential organs (type of shock)Heat cramps are not always firstdon not chillcan progress to changed in conciousness and heat stroke
Heat Stroke
Brain Swellsred hot skinSkin is very dry911can result in death
Heat emergency care
Call 911 if victim refuses water, vomits, or conciousness fadesapply cool and wet cloth, ice pack, hose to extremitiesDO NOT immerse
Cold emergency
NEVER rubbody temp 95-90 can no longer shiver86-82 fixated or dialated pupilsbelow 82, likely death
Frostbite
can blisterwrap in guazesoak affected area in WARM (not hot) water
Hypothermia
Body temp below 95 degreesif wet- loose heat 25 times fasterbefore CPR check pulse for 45 seconds
Behavioral emergency
Do not play along prepare for potential threatMUST GET CONSENT
Daibetes
Type I: insulin dependant, developes as a child, body creates little to no insulinType II: Adult onset, lack of diet and exercise, body can't process surgar fast enough
Signs of Diabetes
Excess thirst of hungerexcess urinationblury vision
Care for diabetic
If concious give candy, juice, sugarif not better in 5min, call emergency personel
TIA
Transient Ischemic Attack (minny stroke, signs of oncoming stroke)
signs and symptoms of stroke
Loss of control of parts of the bodychanged in conciousnesspupils of unequal sizedrooling
Tissue Plasminogen Activator
Busts clots
Poison
Must find out what kind of poison, and how it entered the body
Sings and Sympotms of Poisoning
Recognize in your survey the sceneMay be burns around intake site (lips,tongue,skin)
Poison care
if vomits, save for analysiscall poison controldo not give food or drink unless instructed
organic poison
Poison IvyPoison OakPoison Sumac
Care for Organic poison
Brush off any dry chemicalsremoved any tainted clothing or jewleryflush with water for 15 minutes
Anphylaxis
Sever alergic reaction
Packaging
getting victim saftley ready for transport
ICS
Incident Command System
ICS personel
1) Incident Comander-manages team, decision maker2)Operation section advisor- developes tactics for carry-out plan3)planning Section Officer-keeps incident commander updated, Gathers all scene info including victims, equipment available, and dangers4) Logistics section officer- establishes communication, crowd control, and obtains needed resources
Triage
Process of sorting victims by need
Triage checks 3 things:
BreathingCirculationLevel of conciousness
3 levels of triage and their colors
Immediate- redDelayed- yellowDead- Black
Walking wounded
Victims who are being trasported away from scene for their saftey
Chocking
Block wheels of vehicle from moving
Electrical hazzard
Establish perimeter 2x lengths between polesapproach only after power has been turned off
SIPSO
Scene size upInitial assesmentPhysical examSAMPLE historyOngoing assesment
ABC
Air wayBreathing circulation
AVPU
AlertVocalPainUnconcious
DOTS
DeformityOpen injuryTendernessSwelling
SAMPLE history
Sign and symptomsAllergiesMedicinesPast pertinent historylast oral intakeevents leading to incident
When to summon advanced medical care
unconciousdifficulty breathingshortness of breathno breathingno pulsesevere bleedingchest painvomitingsudden illnesshead/neck/back injurybroken bones
Capilary refil
checking circulation in fingur and toes
While waiting for advance check victim every...
Stable?
Unstable?
15 minutes5 minutes
Emergency action
CheckCallCare
consent
identify yourselfstate level of trainingexplain problemexplain plan
Battery
unlawful of touching w/o consentmust get consent
Abandonment
once started, must continue care till help arrives
Negligence
Duty to respondfail to actcause injurydamage occurs
Good samaritan law
move only if absolutly neededcheck/treat life threatening emergency firstcall 911get consentcare only to your abilitycontinue to care/monitor
Confidentiality
respect privacydon't reveal detailsnever discuss unless with law or EMT
Chain of Survival
citizen resonder911 dispatchfirst responderEMT advanced carehospitalrehabilitation
First responder responsibilities
Ensure saftey for you and bystandersgain access to victimdetermine threats to victimSummon more advanced careProvide care to victimassis medical personal as needed
Conditions necessary for disease transmition
pathogen presentquantiy of infectantvulnerable to diseasecorrect entry site
How pathogens enter the body
Direct contanct (fluid)Indirect ( from another object)AirborneVector (insects, bites)
ABC
Two slow breaths
ABC
Adult
child
infant
Check pulse for 10 sec
CartoidCartoidBrachial artery
Cycles per minute, rescue breathing
Adult
Child/infant
12 cycles per minute20 cycles per minute
Child CPR
30comp/2breaths One or two hands on chestcompress 1-1.5 inches
Infant CPR
2-3 fingers on center of chest.5-1 inch