Facist- permanent dictatorship, look to the glorious past, limited private ownership, right winged, extreme nationalists, racist, gave leaders titlesCommunist- temporary dictatorship, look to the future, no private ownership, left winged, internationalists, no deviation
Difference between Facist and Communist Totalitarianism
Totalitarianism
total control/power in the hands of one. The individual is always worth less than the state.
Russia
1st communist totalitarianist country
Lenin
ran the government of Russia w/ controlled economy. people learned that they would never move up with this system.
NEP (New Economic Policy)
Incentive placed in Russia to work harder. If you made extra, you could keep it (agriculture), if you exceded quota in factory, you get bonus.
Stalin
Crafty. fought for Lenin's job. born in cold north. left when of age. heard Lenin speak and wanted to be part of movement. made himself important by doing the dirty work.
Trotsky
smart. fought for Lenin's job. pushed out of the Politburo. exiled and then killed in Mexico in '29
5 Year Plans
Stalin set this up to help industry.
Politburo
small group of government just under the leader
Agriculture
Russia always had to import food. only prosperous area was the Ukrane.
Collectivization
organized collective farms. collect land together and ppl and crops would be assigned.
Purges
cleansing in Russia of 'old enemies'
Kirov
chief deputy killed by payed assassin
1. old Bolsheviks
2. military leaders
3. assassin of Kirov
Order of Russian Purges
ppl had jobs & some free medical care
Positives of Stalin rule
Italy
Facist
Problems in post WWI Italy
1. angry b/c of outcome of war2. high poverty3. Fiume4. Italian International Facist Party
Fiume
port city in Yugoslavia that Orlando wanted. Had much trade to and from Russia
Italian International Facist Party
Mussolini organization of unemployed veterans
Victor Emmanuel III
ruler of Italy b/f Mussolini
Mussolini told VEIII that he would march into Rome and that VEIII had better appoint him Primere, VEIII did it and gave him 1 yr dictatorship
Mussolini's Path to Power
Il Duce
Mussolini's title
Black Shirts
violent Facist group who told Mussolini to 'get tough'
Matteotti
socialist who was kidnapped from office and killed by Black Shirts
no unions
no strikes
no free press
controlled education
Mussolini's rules
Rome- Berlin Axis
the area w/ which the whole of Europe would revolve around
Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis
Japan joined the area w/ which the whole of Europe would revolve around
Francisco Franco
facist ruler of Spain. not as cruel as Hitler or Mussolini. when he stepped down, he handed Spain back to the royal family
Sparticists
German communists who thought they could take over Germany
Karl Liebknecht
Rosa Luxemberg
Sparticists rulers
Hindenburg
elected president of the Weimar Republic in Germany
ppl who lost everything
anti-communists
disillusioned college students
Hitler Supporters
Hitler Youth
group created by Hitler
1. dismissed legislatuer and called for new elections (private army enforced votes)
2. burned Reichstag Building (legislature building)
3. had legislature pass the Enabeling Acts (gave him dictator powers for 4 years)
4. Hindenberg died, appointed himself President and Chancelor under the Enabling Act
Hitler as Chancelor
Hitler's Top Officials
1. Goering2. Himmler3. Goebbels4. Streicher5. Von Ribbontrop
Goering
founded the Gestapo. Later headed the Luftwaffe (Germ. Air Force)
Himmler
took over Gestapo after Goering left. Also headed SS (Hitler's private bodyguards)
Goebbels
propoganda minister. Job was to make ppl believe Hitler
Streicher
anti-sematic propoganda
Von Ribbontrop
foreign minister
Autarky
'self-sufficient'. Hitler wanted Germ. to be self-sufficient. this is when they came up w/ rayon fabric
S.A.
private army. helped him get private audiences and majority in legisature. regular army jealous of them.
Blood Purge
b/c of the regular army's jealousy of the S.A., Hitler had German army scatter and kill the S.A.
Master Race
Hitler wanted to create blonde hair/ blue eyed Aryan race.
1. putting men to work building roads and cheap homes
2. ordered company to build cheap cars (VW)
3. created 'strength through joy' program. gave workers three 4 day vacations @ government resorts. did this to help create 'family time'
Hitler's actions to please people
Nuremberg Laws of 1935
said the Jews were the greatest criminals of all time and they should be prosecuted
Pogrums
Hitler tried to get Jews to leave Germany by doing this
Saar
15 years of France mining was over. they decided to rejoin Germany
Rhineland
can now be fortified. France kicked out
Anschluss
union w/ Austria
Sudetenland
country by Czechoslovakia that Hitler took. Very large amount of chemicals for warfare
Polish Corridor
Hitler said he was going to take this and Poland. GB and France said if he did, they would declare war. marched in on 9-1-39
10 year non agression pact
for 10 years Germany and Russia would not invade each other
Panzer
tanks and heavily armed war goods
Poland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithouania
Taken by Hitler w/ in 4 weeks before war officially started
Blitzkrieg
lightning warfare
9-3-39
begining of WWII
Sitzkrieg
no activity from after the 4 weeks of taking Poland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania to the spring of '40.
Maginot Line
france was expecting a war like WWI, creating trenches to kill marching Germans, but the Germans rolled over them, killing many
Dunkirk
Germany rolled through Holland, Belgium, and France. Brit army kept having to retreat, til they got to _______. They couldn't back up any more from there
Vichy France
(South & East France) appointed Petain to run it. he became a traitor. Hitler said it would still be free.
France
(North) Occupied. took it b/c it would be right by GB.
Free France
(not geographical) underground movement. headquarterer in GB by Charles De Gaulle.
De Gaulle
organizor of 'Free France' movement in GB
Operation Sealion
daily bombing of GB by Germ.
Battle of Britain
Hitler's 1st big loss
Balcans
area Hitler told Mussolini to take while he was bombing GB.
Rommel
'desert fox'. great Germ. military leader of African Campaign
African Campaign
Rommel took all of N Africa and Allimaine. needed supplies, didn't get them, thus lost all of N Africa
Operation Barbarossa
aka Operation Red Beard. supposed to be quick move to take Russia but his big tanks didn't take well to Russian dirt roads
China
Japan was at war with whom since 1937?
12-7-41
Pearl Harbor
Pacific Islands
Japan quickly took this location after Pearl Harbor
Island Hopping
policy in pacific to focus on islands w/ immediate need
Final Solution
killing of Jews in concentration camps. directed by Himmler
Holocaust
Hitler ordered for this to be done while he was away in Moscow. Himmler.
Leningrad
Russian city Hitler spent 17 months trying to take
Stalingrad
Russia took control of Germany here
Anzio and Solarno
2 beachlands US took
France
FDR and Stalin, but not Churchill, wanted 2nd front in ______.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Supreme allied commander
Operation Overlord
D-day's code name
6-6-44
D-day
Battle of the Bulge
last big offensive battle in the west
5-8-45
VE Day
Battle of Coral Sea
saved Australia from Japan
Midway
saved Hawaii from Japan
Gualalcanal
1st offensive action US took in Pacific
Okinawa
1st time kamakazi planes used in large #s
Leyte Gulf
destroyed large portion of Japan's navy
Manhattan Project
US perfected the atom bomb
Gen. Douglass McArthur
supreme allied commander in Pacific
8-6-45
Date of 1st A-bomb dropped
Hiroshima
place 1st A-bomb dropped
Nagasaki
2nd A-bomb
8-15-45
VJ Day
Casablanca
unconditional surrender
Moscow
decisions made w/o Churchill or FDR
Teheran
planned attack on Ger, planned 2nd front
Yalta
1. russia enter war in exten. cirr.2. divided Germany into occ. zones3. polish border decided4. govt's set up according to will of ppl5. lais foundation for UN6. laid foundation for Cold War
Potsdam
1.Truman (new President)2.Atlee (grom GB3.disarm Germ. & Japan4. leaders tried as war criminals5. German resources to repair damages
1.lands taken
2.colonies
3.Austria could never join w/ Germany
4.reduced military
5.pay reformations
6.Austria must remain neutral
smaller countries on Axis side lost:
1.neutral
2.cash and carry
3.lend-lease
3 positions of the US prior to entering the war
Germany
country divided into 4 sections
Berlin
city divided into 4 sections. partially ran by Russia
Nuremburg Trials
Goering killed himself b/f sentencing. 10 ppl hung
Japan
had occupation army. trials for war. some hung. Primere Tojo tried and hung (military and political figure)
Hiroshito
Japanese emperor forced to tell country he wasn't direct decendent of Sun god
Iron Curtain
Russian occupied E. Europe behind ________
Cold War
war of words instead of fighting
Truman Doctrine
'contain communism where it exhists, but allow no spread'
Marshall Plan
economic aid to rebuild democracies in Europe
NATO
created to have a response ready in case of another blockaid
Warsaw Pact
same as NATO, but for communism
SEATO
South East Asia Treaty Organization
Taiwan
only free part of China
Mao Ze Dong
communist leader in China
Adenaur and Ludwig Erhard
President of Germany and economic minister who were the 2 main rebuilders of Germany
1. abolished price controls
2. abolished rationing
3. full employment
4. strong currency
5. social reform
6. health care
what did Adenaur and Ludwig Erhard accomplish in post WWII Germany?
Schuman Plan
'all of europe should produce as one to make Europe economically dependant on each other' so they couldn't afford to go to war
Treaty of Rome
created European economic community, common market
Decolonization
colonies given independence, many had hard times b/c they were just released w/ no experience
Neocolonialism
'new colonialism'. didn't technically own the colonies any more, but still ran things. left bad taste in colonies mouth
Yugoslavia
Stalin woned all of E. Europe except _______
Tito
Yugoslavia communist ruler
Khrushchev
took over after Stalin, made major changes, hated Stalin, said ppl shouldn't be killed off by leader, more should be heard than just leader
1. not a lot of murder
2. not a lot of torture
3. wouldn't make alliances w/ dictators
4. small change in standard of living
5. let writers be freer to write w/o fear of government
6. peaceful, coexistence foreign policy
Khrushchev rule
Summit Meeting
Eisenhower and Khrushchev had 1st meeting that misled some people
Batista
strong man in Cuba, cruel dictator
1. got rid of Batista
2. made Cuba communist
3. got tax $ from Havana and closed it down
4. Cubans tried to leave country and go to south Fla.
Castro
Bay of Pigs
1. Cubans wanted to take over Cuba w/ US help, but it was a disaster2. Kennedy enemy of Castro3. Missle Crisis: told Castro to get missiles out of Cuba so he did
Brezhnev
replaced Khrus, more like Stalin
1. had right to intervene when needed anywhere
2. gov't was harsh
3. organized opposition was impossible
Brezhner Doctrine
Gorbachev
campaigned against alcohol in Russia
Glasnost
Gorbachev's new openness
Eisenhower
US president in the 50's
Kennedy
1. 'time to move' president2. inherited Nam's probs3. increased $, troops, advisors4. assassinated
LBJ
1. after Kennedy2. short temper, harsh3. obsessed w/ Nam4. did good things at home -Civil Rights Bill -Voting Rights Act -War on Poverty
Voting Rights Act
(LBJ) did away w/ poll tax
War on Poverty
(LBJ) 1st president to be concerned w/ poverty
TET
Vietnam's New Year, costly b/c we weren't paying attention
Nixon
US president that pulled US out of war, US realized containment wasn't necessary
Regan
US president that increased spending
Helsinki Conference
1. 35 nations met in Finland2. said borders wouldn't be changed by force3. said countries would concentrate on human rights
Soviet Union
ignored Helsinki Conference and moved into Afganistan