neurohormone
any hormone produced and released by neurons; ex: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), Adrenocorticotropin-releasing hormone, Oxytocin, Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), Epinephrine
neurons & neurotransmitters
the nervous system is fast, localized, and short in duration; used for BOTH voluntary & involuntary functions
endocrine glands & hormones
endocrine system is slower, can be widespread, and lasts for a long duration because molecules aren't broken down right away; used ONLY for involuntary activity
autocrine signals
form of signaling in which a cell secretes a hormone or chemical messenger that binds to autocrine receptors on the same cell
lipid soluble hormones
steroid hormones and iodine-containing hormones of the thyroid gland; can diffuse through membranes and reach receptors located IN target cells (receptors are usually in cytoplasm or nucleus); made by adrenal glands and gonads; some local regulators (small molecules); work by activating genes/transcription
water soluble hormones
polypeptide, protein, and most amino acid hormones (neurotransmitters, neurohormones, and some local regulators) bind to a receptor protein on the plasma membrane of the cell which triggers ion channel openings and the production of a second messengers (cAMP or IP3)
solubility effects how hormones work:
hormone can be the same, as can be the receptor, but organ response can be different; ex. epinephrine causes blood vesseles of skeletal muscles to dilate, but intestinal blood vessel to constrict
Endocrine Sytem consists of:
ductless glands; they don�t have tube connecting/conducting the hormones to some surface; control long term functions and responses, like metabolism, growth, reproduction
tropic hormone
hormones that target other endocrine glands; most are produced/secreted by the anterior pituitary; include TSH, ACTH/corticotropin, LH, FSH, and GH (both tropic and non-tropic)
posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
extension of the hypothalamus (connected to it by neurons); stores and secretes ADH (vasopressin, anti-diuretic hormone) and oxytocin, both neurohormones made by the hypothalamus
anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
regulated BY hormones released by the hypothalamus; tropic hormones: TSH/thyrotropin, ACTH, Gonadotropins (GN), FSH, & luteinizing hormone (LH); Non-tropic hormones: Growth hormone, & prolactin
oxytocin
peptide regulated by the nervous system that stimulates the contraction of the uterus/mammary gland cells; comes from posterior pituitary
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
peptide regulated by water/salt balance that promotes retention of water by kidneys!; comes from posterior pituitary
Growth hormone (GH)
protein hormone regulated by hypothalamic hormones that stimulates growth (especially bones) and metabollic functions; comes form anterior pituitary
Prolactin (PRL)
protein hormone regulated by hypothalamic hormones that stimulates milk production and secretion; comes from anterior pituitary
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
glycoprotein hormone controlled by hypothalamic hormones that stimulates the production of ova and sperm; comes from anterior pituitary
LH (luteinizing hormone)
glycoprotein hormone controlled by hypothalamic hormones that stimulates the the ovaries and testes; comes from anterior pituitary
TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)
glycoprotein hormone controlled by hypothalamic hormones that stimulate the thyroid glands; comes from anterior pituitary
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
peptide hormone controlled by hypothalamic that stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete gluco and mineralocorticoids; comes from anterior pituitary
thyroxine (T4)
amine hormone regulated by TSH that stimulates and maintains metabolic processes; made by the thyroid gland
calcitonin
peptide hormone regulated by calcium in blood that LOWERS the blood calcium level; secreted by the thyroid gland
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
peptide hormone controlled by calcium in the blood that RAISES blood calcium level; secreted by the parathyroid gland
insulin
protein hormone regulated by glucose in the blood that LOWERS blood glucose levels (aka produces glucose storage as glycogen in liver and muscle cells); secreted by the pancreas
glucagon
protein hormone regulated by glucose in the blood that RAISES blood glucose levels (aka breaks down glycogen in muscle/liver cells); secreted by the pancreas
epinephrine/norepinephrine
amines that are regulated by the nervous system that RAISE blood glucose level, increase metaboic activities, but constrict intestinal blood vessels; secreted by the adrenal medulla
glucocorticoids/mineralcorticoids
steroid hormones that are controled by ACTH and K+ in blood/angoitensin II individually; raise blood glucose level and promotes reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+ in kidneys secreted by adrenal cortex
androgens
steroid hormone that is regulated by FSH and LH that supports sperm formation; promote development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics
estrogens
steroid hormone that is regulated by FSH and LH that stimulate uterine lining; promote development and maintenance of gemale secondary sex characteristics; secreted by the ovaries
progestins
steroid hormone that is regulated by FSH and LH that promote uterine lining growth
melatonin
amine hormone regulated by light/dark cycles; involved in biological rhythms; secreted by the pineal gland
Type 1 diabetes
autoimmune disorder where the immune system destroys the beta cells of the pancreas and therefore a person's ability to make insulin; treatment = insulin injections
Type 2 diabetes
failure of target cells to respond normally to insulin