What is the wedge-shaped space deep to the masseter muscle,
underlying ramus of the mandible?
infratemporal fossa
What is the space superior to the infratemporal fossa, above the
zygomatic arch?
temporal fossa
What bones contribute to the boundaries of the temporal and
infratemporal fossae? (5)
temporal bone zygomatic bone sphenoid
bone maxilla mandible
What crest that extends posteriorly from the zygomatic process,
marking the posteroinferior border of the temporal fossa?
supramastoid crest
What groove marks the squamous part of the temporal bone on the
medial wall of the temporal fossa?
groove for the middle temporal artery
What is the fissure between the tympanic and squamous parts of the
temporal bone?
tympanosquamous fissure
What is the fissure between the petrous part of the temporal bone and
the tympanic part?
petrotympanic fissure
What is the sharply angled boundary between the lateral and inferior
surfaces of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone?
infratemporal crest
What is the spine projecting downward from the greater wing of the
sphenoid bone, forming an attachment site for the sphenomandibular ligament?
spine of the sphenoid
Which part of the zygomatic bone extends anteromedially to articulate
with the zygomatic process of the maxilla?
maxillary process
Which part of the zygomatic bone extends superiorly to articulate
with the zygomatic process of the frontal bone?
rontal process
Which part of the zygomatic bone extends posteriorly to articulate
with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to complete the
zygomatic arch?
temporal process
What is the quadrangular shaped part of the mandible with two
surfaces medially and laterally and two processes superiorly?
ramus
What part of the mandible is formed by the intersection of the
posterior and inferior borders of the ramus?
angle
What is the notch on the superior border of the ramus?
mandibular notch
What is the sharp continuation of the anterior border of the ramus
onto the body of the mandible?
oblique line
Which process extends from the anterior part of the superior border
of the ramus of the mandible?
coronoid process
Which process extends from the posterior part of the superior border
of the ramus of the mandible?
condylar process
What are the two parts of the condylar process of the ramus of the mandible?
head of the mandible neck of the mandible
What is the shallow depression on the on the anterior surface of the
neck of the mandible, which forms the attachment for the lateral
pterygoid muscle?
pterygoid fovea
What is the superior opening of the mandibular canal on the medial
surface of the ramus of the mandible?
mandibular foramen
What nerves passes through the mandibular foramen?
inferior alveolar nerve
What is the triangular elevation immediately anterosuperior to the
mandibular foramen, which forms the attachment for the
sphenomandibular ligament?
lingula
What is the elongate groove that extends anteroinferiorly from the
mandibular foramen?
mylohyoid groove
What nerves passes through the mylohyoid groove?
nerve to the mylohyoid
What are the synovial joints on each side of the mandible that allow
opening and closing of the mouth?
temporomandibular joints
How are the articular surfaces of temporomandibular joints different
from other synovial joints?
Instead of being covered by the typical hyaline cartilage, they are
covered by fibrocartilage.
How are the joint cavity of temporomandibular joints different from
other synovial joints?
It is divded into an upper part and lower part by a fibrous
articular disc.
What type of movments are allowed by the lower part of the
temporomandibular joint?
The hinge-like movements of depression and elevation
of the mandible.
What type of movments are allowed by the upper part of the
temporomandibular joint?
The translocation of the mandible forward
(protrusion) and backward (retraction).
What part of the temporomandibular joint capsule lines all of the
nonarticular surfaces?
synovial membrane
What part of the temporomandibular joint capsule encloses the entire
joint complex?
fibrous membrane
What three extracapsular ligaments are associated with the
temporomandibular joint?
lateral ligament sphenomandibular ligament
stylomandibular ligament
Which extracapsular ligament of the temporomandibular joint runs from
the articular tubercle to the neck of the mandible?
lateral ligament
Which extracapsular ligament of the temporomandibular joint runs from
the spine of the sphenoid bone to the lingula of the mandible?
sphenomandibular ligament
Which extracapsular ligament of the temporomandibular joint passes
from the styloid process of the temporal bone to the angle of the mandible?
stylomandibular ligament
What are the four basic movements of the mandible?
depression elevation protrusion
retraction
What muscles are involved in depression of the mandible? (3)
digastric geniohyoid mylohyoid
What muscles are involved in elevation of the mandible? (3)
temporalis masseter medial pterygoid
What muscles are involved in depression of the mandible? (2)
lateral pterygoid medial pterygoid
What muscles are involved in depression of the mandible? (3)
geniohyoid digastric temporalis
What is the only muscle of the temporomandibular joint that is not
innervated by the mandibular nerve [V3]?
geniohyoid (innervated by C1)
What are the muscles of mastication? (4)
masseter temporalis medial pterygoid
lateral pterygoid
What muscle overlies the ramus of the mandible, originating above at
the zygomatic arch and inserts below at most of the lateral surface of
the ramus?
masseter
What is the innervation of the masseter muscle?
masseteric nerve from the mandibular nerve [V3]
What is the narrow fan-shaped space that covers the lateral surface
of the skull?
temporal fossa
What is the tough, fan-shaped aponeurosis overlying the temporalis muscle?
temporal fascia
What is the a large, fan-shaped muscle that fills much of the
temporal fossa?
temporalis muscle
What is the innervation of the temporalis muscle?
deep temporal nerves from the mandibular nerve [V3]
What is the wedge-shaped space inferior to the temporal fossa?
infratemporal fossa
What forms the roof of the infratemporal fossa?
The inferior surfaces of the greater wing of the
sphenoid and the temporal bone.
What forms the lateral wall of the infratemporal fossa?
The medial surface of the ramus of the mandible.
What forms the medial wall of the infratemporal fossa?
The lateral plate of the pterygoid process
anteriorly; the pharynx and muscles of the soft
palate posteriorly.
What forms the anterior wall of the infratemporal fossa?
The posterior surface of the maxilla.
What is the quadrangular muscle that attaches to the medial surface
of the ramus of the mandible?
medial pterygoid
What are the two heads of the medial pterygoid muscle?
deep head superficial head
Which head of the medial pterygoid muscle originates from the lateral
plate of the pterygoid process?
deep head
Which head of the medial pterygoid muscle originates from the
tuberosity of the maxilla?
superficial head
What is the innervation of the medial pterygoid muscle?
nerve to the medial pterygoid from the mandibular nerve [V3]
What is the thick triangular muscle that attaches to the pterygoid
fovea of the neck of the mandible?
lateral pterygoid
What are the two heads of the lateral pterygoid muscle?
upper head lower head
Which head of the lateral pterygoid muscle originates from the roof
of the infratemporal fossa?
upper head
Which head of the lateral pterygoid muscle originates from the
lateral plate of the pterygoid process?
lower head
What is the innervation of the lateral pterygoid muscle?
nerve to the lateral pterygoid from the mandibular nerve [V3]
What is the largest of the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve [V]?
mandibular nerve [V3]
How is the mandibular nerve [V3] functionally distinct
from the ophthalmic [V1] and maxillary [V2] nerves?
Unlike V1 and V2 nerves, which are purely
sensory, the V3 nerve is both motor and sensory.
Where do all branches of the mandibular nerve [V3] originate?
infratemporal fossa
What two branches does the mandibular nerve [V3] give off
before dividing into anterior and posterior trunks?
meningeal branch nerve to the medial pterygoid
What are the branches of the anterior trunk of the the mandibular
nerve [V3]? (4)
buccal nerve (S) masseteric nerve (M) deep
temporal nerves (M) nerve to the lateral pterygoid (M)
What are the branches of the posterior trunk of the the mandibular
nerve [V3]? (4)
auriculotemporal nerve (S) lingual nerve (S)
inferior alveolar nerve (S) nerve to the mylohyoid
(M)
Which branch of the mandibular nerve [V3] passes through
the foramen spinosum to supply the dura mater and mastoid cells?
meningeal branch
Which branch of the mandibular nerve [V3] supplies the
medial pterygoid, tensor veli palatini, and tensor tympani muscles?
nerve to the medial pterygoid
Which branch of the anterior trunk of the mandibular nerve
[V3] supplies the oral mucosa and the buccal gingivae of
the lower molars?
buccal nerve
Which branch of the anterior trunk of the mandibular nerve
[V3] supplies the masseter muscle?
masseteric nerve
Which branch of the anterior trunk of the mandibular nerve
[V3] supplies the temporalis muscle?
deep temporal nerves
Which branch of the anterior trunk of the mandibular nerve
[V3] supplies the lateral pterygoid muscle?
nerve to the lateral pterygoid
Which branch of the posterior trunk of the mandibular nerve
[V3] supplies the skin over the temple?
auriculotemporal nerve
Which branch of the posterior trunk of the mandibular nerve
[V3] supplies the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, oral
mucosa on the floor of the oral cavity, and lingual gingivae
associated with the lower teeth?
lingual nerve
The lingual nerve carries general sensation from the anterior
two-thirds of the tongue. What nerve carries special taste sensation
from this area?
facial nerve [VII]
What ganglion is associated with the lingual nerve as it passes on
the lateral surface of the hyoglossus muscle?
submandibular ganglion
Which branch of the posterior trunk of the mandibular nerve
[V3] passes through the mandibular foramen to supply all of
the lower teeth, gingivae, the mucosa and skin of the lower lip, and
skin of the chin?
inferior alveolar nerve
What branch is given off by the inferior alveolar nerve just before
it enters the mandibular foramen?
nerve to the mylohyoid
What are the two terminal branches of the inferior alveolar nerve?
incisive nerve mental nerve
Which of the terminal branches of the inferior alveolar nerve
supplies the first premolar, incisor, and canine teeth, and related gingivae?
incisive nerve
Which of the terminal branches of the inferior alveolar nerve exits
the mandible through the mental foramen and supplies the lower lip and chin?
mental nerve
Which two branches of two cranial nerves join branches of the
mandibular nerve [V3] in the infratemporal fossa?
chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve [VII] lesser
petrosal nerve of the glossopharyngeal nerve [IX]
What nerve carries taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
and parasympathetic innervation to all salivary glands below the level
of the oral fissure?
chorda tympani
If a lesion of the lingual nerve causes loss of general sensation
from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, but taste is preserved,
where is it most likely located?
The injury must be proximal to where the chorda
tympani joins the lingual nerve in the infratemporal fossa, thus
inhibiting the functions of the lingual nerve while preserving the
functions of the chorda tympani.
If a lesion of the lingual nerve causes loss of both general
sensation and taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, where
is it most likely located?
The injury must be distal to where the chorda
tympani joins the lingual nerve in the infratemporal fossa, thus
inhibiting the functions of the both nerves.
What nerve is a branch of the tympanic plexus that carries
parasympathetic fibers destined for the parotid gland?
lesser petrosal nerve
What is the clinical significance of inferior alveolar nerve anesthesia?
Anesthesia of the inferior alveolar nerve is widely practiced by most dentists.
What is the major source of blood supply for the nasal cavity, the
lateral wall and roof of the oral cavity, all teeth, and the dura
mater in the cranial cavity?
maxillary artery
What artery is the maxillary artery a branch of?
external carotid artery
What are the branches of the first part of the maxillary artery (the
part between the neck of the mandible and the sphenomandibular
ligament)? (5)
middle meningeal artery inferior alveolar artery
deep auricular artery anterior tympanic artery
accessory meningeal artery
What are the branches of the second part of the maxillary artery (the
part related to the lateral pterygoid muscle)? (4)
deep temporal branches masseteric artery
buccal artery pterygoid branches
Which branch of the first part of the maxillary artery passes through
the foramen spinosum to suppy the dura mater, bone, and bone marrow of
the cranial cavity walls?
middle meningeal artery
What is the clinical significance of middle meningeal artery injury?
It can be can be damaged by lateral blows to the head, resulting in
an extradural hematoma.
Which branch of the first part of the maxillary artery passes through
mandibular foramen to supply all lower teeth, the buccal gingivae,
chin, and lower lip?
inferior alveolar artery
Which branches of the second part of the maxillary artery supply the
temporalis muscles?
deep temporal arteries
Which branches of the second part of the maxillary artery supply the
pterygoid muscles?
pterygoid arteries
Which branch of the second part of the maxillary artery passes
through the mandibular notch to supply the masseter muscle?
masseteric artery
Which branch of the second part of the maxillary artery supplies the
skin, muscle, and oral mucosa of the cheek?
buccal artery
What venous plexus is formed by veins draining regions supplied by
branches of the maxillary artery?
pterygoid plexus
What is the clinical significance of the emissary veins of the
pterygoid plexus?
These valveless veins connect the pterygoid plexus to the cavernous
sinus, and thus represent a route by which infections
can spread into the cranial cavity from structures drained by the
pterygoid plexus (e.g. teeth).
What vein does the pterygoid plexus connect to posteriorly?
retromandibular vein
What vein does the pterygoid plexus connect to anteriorly?
facial vein
What is the teardrop-shaped space between bones of the lateral skull
immediately posterior to the maxilla?
pterygopalatine fossa
What bones contribute to the formation of the pterygopalatine fossa? (3)
palatine bone maxilla sphenoid bone
What is the bony canal running horizontally through the root of the
pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone?
pterygoid canal
What are the seven foramina and fissures of the pterygopalatine fossa?
foramen rotundum (middle cranial fossa) pterygoid
canal (middle cranial fossa) palatovaginal canal
(nasopharynx) palatine canal (oral cavity)
sphenopalatine foramen (nasal cavity) pterygomaxillary
fissure (infratemporal fossa) inferior orbital fissure
(floor of the orbit)
Where does the maxillary nerve [V2] originate?
trigeminal ganglion
Where does the maxillary nerve [V2] exits the middle
cranial fossa to enters the pterygopalatine fossa?
foramen rotundum
What three branches does the maxillary nerve [V2] give off
in the pterygopalatine fossa?
zygomatic nerve posterior superior alveolar nerve
ganglionic branches
What four branches of the the maxillary nerve [V2] leave
the pterygopalatine ganglion?
orbital branches palatine branches nasal
branches pharyngeal branches
Which branches of the maxillary nerve [V2] pass through
the inferior orbital fissure to supply of the orbital wall and
sphenoidal and ethmoidal sinuses?
orbital branches
Which branch of the maxillary nerve [V2] passes through
the greater palatine foramen to supply mucosa, gingiva, and glands of
the hard palate?
greater palatine nerve
What branches does greater palatine nerve give of in the palatine
canal to supply the lateral nasal wall?
posterior inferior nasal nerves
Which branch of the maxillary nerve [V2] passes through
the lesser palatine foramen to supply the soft palate?
lesser palatine nerve
Which branches of the maxillary nerve [V2] pass through
the sphenopalatine foramena to supply the lateral and medial walls of
the nasal cavity?
nasal nerves
Which nasal nerve of the maxillary nerve [V2] passes
through the incisive canal to supply mucosa, gingiva, and glands
adjacent to the incisor teeth?
nasopalatine nerve
Which branches of the maxillary nerve [V2] passes through
the palatovaginal canal to supply the mucosa and glands of the nasopharynx?
pharyngeal nerve
Which branch of the maxillary nerve [V2] passes through
the inferior orbital fissure before dividing into two branches?
zygomatic nerve
What are the two branches of the zygomatic nerve?
zygomaticotemporal branch zygomaticofacial branch
Which branch of the maxillary nerve [V2] passes through
the pterygomaxillary fissure to supply the the molar teeth and
adjacent buccal gingivae, and maxillary sinus?
posterior superior alveolar nerve
What plexus does the posterior superior alveolar nerve join just deep
to the mucosa of the maxillary sinus?
superior dental plexus
Which is the is the anterior continuation of the maxillary nerve
[V2] that passes through the inferior orbital fissure and
the infra-orbital foramen inferior before dividing into three branches?
infra-orbital nerve
What two nerves does the infra-orbital nerve give off in the
infra-orbital groove to supply the upper teeth?
middle superior alveolar nerve anterior superior
alveolar nerve
What are the three terminal branches of the infra-orbital nerve?
nasal branches palpebral branches superior
labial branches
Which of the terminal branches of the infra-orbital nerve supply skin
over the lateral aspect of the external nose and part of the nasal septum?
nasal branches
Which of the terminal branches of the infra-orbital nerve supply skin
of the lower eyelid?
palpebral branches
Which of the terminal branches of the infra-orbital nerve supply skin
over the cheek and upper lip, and the related oral mucosa?
superior labial branches
What two nerves join in the middle cranial fossa to form the nerve of
the pterygoid canal?
greater petrosal nerve deep petrosal nerve
Where does the greater petrosal nerve originate?
From the geniculate ganglion of the facial nerve [VII].
What nerve carries parasympathetic innervation to all glands above
the oral fissure?
greater petrosal nerve
Where does the deep petrosal nerve originate?
It is formed by postganglionic sympathetic fibers of the
superior cervical sympathetic ganglion.
What is the largest of the four parasympathetic ganglia in the head,
which is joined by the nerve of the pterygoid canal?
pterygopalatine ganglion
What branch of the ophthalmic nerve [V1] carries
parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation to the lacrimal gland?
lacrimal nerve
What is the clinical significance of lesions affecting the
parasympathetic fibers that leave the brain as part of the facial
nerve [VII], which are carried to the lacrimal gland the lacrimal
branch of the ophthalmic nerve [V1]?
This results in �dry eye� and can eventually lead to
loss of vision in the affected eye.
What are the branches of the third part of the maxillary artery (the
part in the pterygopalatine fossa)? (6)
posterior superior alveolar artery infra-orbital
artery greater palatine artery pharyngeal
artery sphenopalatine artery artery of the pterygoid
canal
Which branch of the third part of the maxillary artery passes through
the pterygomaxillary fissure to supplies the molar and premolar teeth,
adjacent gingiva, and the maxillary sinus?
posterior superior alveolar artery
Which branch of the third part of the maxillary artery passes through
the through the inferior orbital fissure and infra-orbital foramen to
supply parts of the face?
infra-orbital artery
Which branches of the infra-orbital artery supply the incisor and
canine teeth and the maxillary sinus?
anterior superior alveolar arteries
Which branch of the third part of the maxillary artery passes through
the palatine canal to supply the hard palate?
greater palatine artery
Which branch of the greater palatine artery supplies the soft palate?
lesser palatine branch
Which branch of the third part of the maxillary artery passes through
the palatovaginal canal to supply the posterior aspect of the roof of
the nasal cavity, the sphenoidal sinus, and the pharyngotympanic tube?
pharyngeal branch
What is the terminal branch of the maxillary artery, which passes
through the sphenopalatine foramen?
sphenopalatine artery
Which branch of the third part of the maxillary artery passes through
the pterygoid canal and terminates in the mucosa of the nasopharynx?
artery of the pterygoid canal
Were do veins that drain areas supplied by branches of the terminal
part of the maxillary empty into?
pterygoid plexus
What is the tube providing continuity from the head to the trunk?
neck
What are the four compartments of the neck?
visceral compartment vertebral compartment
vascular compartments (2)
What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck?
the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid the
inferior border of the mandible the midline of the
neck
What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle of the neck?
the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid the
anterior border of the trapezius the middle one-third of
the clavicle
What thin sheet of muscle is contained in the superficial fascia in
the neck?
platysma
What are the four layers of deep cervical fascia in the neck?
investing layer prevertebral layer
pretracheal layer carotid sheaths
Which layer of deep cervical fascia completely surrounds the neck and
encloses the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles?
investing layer
Which layer of deep cervical fascia surrounds the vertebral column
and the muscles associated with it?
prevertebral layer
What is the anterolateral extension of prevertebral fascia that
surrounds the brachial plexus and subclavian artery as these
structures pass into the axilla?
axillary sheath
Which layer of deep cervical fascia consists of a collection of
fascias that surround the trachea, esophagus, and thyroid gland?
pretracheal layer
Which layer of deep cervical fascia surrounds the common carotid
artery, the internal carotid artery, the internal jugular vein, and
the vagus nerve?
carotid sheath
What are the three facial spaces between the fascial layers in the neck?
pretracheal space retropharyngeal space third
space
Which facial space is formed between the investing and pretracheal layers?
pretracheal space
Which facial space is formed between the buccopharyngeal and
prevertebral layers?
retropharyngeal space
Which facial space is formed between the prevertebral layer and the
bodies of the cervical vertebrae?
third space
What is the clinical significance of the facial spaces between the
fascial layers in the neck?
They may provide a conduit for the spread of
infections from the neck to the mediastinum.
What are the the primary venous channels for superficial venous
drainage of the neck? (2)
external jugular veins anterior jugular veins
What two veins join to form the external jugular vein?
posterior auricular vein retromandibular vein
What two veins join to form the retromandibular vein?
superficial temporal vein maxillary vein
What veins do the external jugular veins drain into?
subclavian veins
What are the tributaries of the external jugular vein? (3)
posterior external jugular vein transverse cervical
veins suprascapular veins
What veins do the anterior jugular veins drain into?
subclavian veins
What connects the right and left anterior jugular veins in the area
of the suprasternal notch?
jugular venous arch
What is a potential complication of "blind puncture" of the
subclavian vein to achieve central venous access?
The subclavian passes over the apex of the lung; misplacement of a
needle may puncture the apical pleura, producing a pneumothorax.
The anterior triangle of the neck is further divided into four
smaller triangles. What are they?
submandibular triangle submental triangle
muscular triangle carotid triangle
What are the borders of the submandibular triangle of the anterior
triangle of the neck?
the inferior border of the mandible the anterior belly
of the digastric muscle the posterior belly of the
digastric muscle
What are the borders of the submental triangle of the anterior
triangle of the neck?
the hyoid bone the anterior belly of the digastric
muscle the midline
What are the borders of the muscular triangle of the anterior
triangle of the neck?
the hyoid bone the superior belly of the omohyoid
muscle and the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid
muscle the midline
What are the borders of the carotid triangle of the anterior triangle
of the neck?
the superior belly of the omohyoid muscle the
posterior belly of the digastric muscle the anterior border
of the sternocleidomastoid
What are the suprahyoid muscles? (4)
stylohyoid digastric mylohyoid
geniohyoid
Which suprahyoid muscle arises from the base of the styloid process
and passes anteroinferiorly to attach to the lateral area of the body
of the hyoid bone?
stylohyoid muscle
What is the innervation of the stylohyoid muscle?
facial nerve [VII]
Which suprahyoid muscle has two bellies connected by a tendon, which
attaches to the body of the hyoid bone?
digastric muscle
Which belly of the digastric muscle arises from the mastoid notch on
the medial side of the mastoid process of the temporal bone?
posterior belly
Which belly of the digastric muscle arises from the digastric fossa
on the lower inside of the mandible?
anterior belly
What is the innervation of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?
facial nerve [VII]
What is the innervation of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle?
mandibular nerve [V3]
Which suprahyoid muscle originates from the mylohyoid line on the
medial surface of the body of the mandible and inserts into the hyoid
bone, forming the floor of the mouth?
mylohyoid muscle
What is the innervation of the mylohyoid muscle?
mandibular nerve [V3]
Which suprahyoid muscle arises from the inferior mental spine of the
mandible and passes backward and downward to insert on the body of the
hyoid bone?
geniohyoid muscle
What is the innervation of the geniohyoid muscle?
C1 (carried along the hypoglossal nerve [XII])
Which two suprahyoid muscles are innervated by the facial nerve [VII]?
stylohyoid digastric, posterior belly
Which two suprahyoid muscles are innervated by the mandibular nerve [V3]?
mylohyoid digastric, anterior belly
What is the only suprahyoid muscle to be innervated by a cervical nerve?
geniohyoid (innervated by C1)
What are the infrahyoid muscles? (4)
omohyoid sternohyoid thyrohyoid
sternothyroid
What is a common name for the infrahyoid muscles?
�strap muscles
Which infrahyoid muscle originates on the posterior aspect of the
sternoclavicular joint and adjacent manubrium and inserts onto the
body of the hyoid bone?
sternohyoid muscle
What is the innervation of the sternohyoid muscle?
C1 to C3 through the ansa cervicalis
Which infrahyoid muscle consists of two bellies with an intermediate
tendon in both the posterior and anterior triangles of the neck?
omohyoid muscle
What are the two bellies of the omohyoid muscle?
inferior belly superior belly
Which belly of the omohyoid muscle originates on the superior border
of the scapula?
inferior belly
Which belly of the omohyoid muscle originates at the intermediate
tendon and ascends to attach to the body of the hyoid bone?
superior belly
What is the innervation of the omohyoid muscle?
C1 to C3 through the ansa cervicalis
Which infrahyoid muscle originates at the oblique line on the lamina
of the thyroid cartilage and passes upward to insert into the greater
horn and adjacent aspect of the body of the hyoid bone?
thyrohyoid muscle
What is the innervation of the thyrohyoid muscle?
C1 (carried along the hypoglossal nerve [XII])
Which infrahyoid muscle arises from the posterior surface of the
manubrium of the sternum and passes upward to attach to the oblique
line on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage?
sternohyoid
What is the innervation of the thyrohyoid muscle?
C1 to C3 through the ansa cervicalis
What is the only infrahyoid muscle that is not innervated by C1 to C3
through the ansa cervicalis?
thyrohyoid (innervated by C1)
What arteries begin the carotid system of the neck?
common carotid arteries
Where does the right common carotid artery originate?
brachiocephalic trunk
Where does the left common carotid artery originate?
arch of the aorta
Near the superior edge of the thyroid cartilage each common carotid
artery divides into its two terminal branches. What are they?
external carotid artery internal carotid artery
What is the dilation at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery
that contains receptors that monitor changes in blood pressure?
carotid sinus
What is the innervation of the baroreceptors in the carotid sinus?
glossopharyngeal nerve [IX]
What is the accumulation of receptors at the bifurcation of the
common carotid artery that detects changes in blood chemistry,
primarily oxygen content?
carotid body
What is the innervation of the chemoreceptors in the carotid body? (2)
glossopharyngeal nerve [IX] vagus nerve [X]
What are the eight branches of the external carotid arteries?
superior thyroid artery ascending pharyngeal
artery lingual artery facial artery
occipital artery posterior auricular artery
superficial temporal artery maxillary artery
What are the two terminal branches of the external carotid artery?
superficial temporal artery maxillary artery
Which branch of the external carotid artery supplies the thyrohyoid
muscle, internal structures of the larynx, sternocleidomastoid and
cricothyroid muscles, and thyroid gland?
superior thyroid artery
Which branch of the external carotid artery supplies the pharyngeal
constrictors and stylopharyngeus muscle, palate, palatine tonsil,
pharyngotympanic tube, meninges in posterior cranial fossa?
ascending pharyngeal artery
Which branch of the external carotid artery supplies the muscles of
the tongue, palatine tonsil, soft palate, epiglottis, floor of mouth,
and sublingual gland?
lingual artery
Which branch of the external carotid artery supplies all of the
structures in the face from the inferior border of the mandible
anterior to the masseter muscle to the medial corner of the eye?
facial artery
Which branch of the external carotid artery supplies the
sternocleidomastoid muscle, meninges in posterior cranial fossa,
mastoid cells, deep muscles of the back, and posterior scalp?
occipital artery
Which branch of the external carotid artery supplies the parotid
gland, external ear and scalp posterior to ear, and middle and inner
ear structures?
posterior auricular artery
Which branch of the external carotid artery supplies the parotid
gland and duct, masseter muscle, lateral face, anterior part of
external ear, temporalis muscle, parietal and temporal fossae?
superficial temporal artery
Which branch of the external carotid artery supplies the tympanic
membrane, temporomandibular joint, dura mater, trigeminal ganglion,
mylohyoid muscle, mandibular teeth, skin on chin, temporalis muscle,
maxillary sinus, and upper teeth and gingivae?
maxillary artery
What is the primary vein that collects blood from the skull, brain,
and face?
internal jugular vein
Which dural venous sinus does the internal jugular vein originate from?
sigmoid sinus
The internal jugular vein begins as a dilated continuation of the
sigmoid sinus. What is this dilation called?
superior bulb of jugular vein
Where does the internal jugular vein exit the skull?
jugular foramen
What veins are formed by the internal jugular veins joining the
subclavian veins?
brachiocephalic veins
What are the tributaries of the internal jugular veins? (6)
facial vein lingual vein pharyngeal vein
occipital vein superior thyroid vein middle
thyroid vein
What is the clinical significance of the jugular vein?
The jugular venous pulse enables assessment of
venous pressure and waveform.
Which cranial nerves are associated with the anterior triangle of the
neck? (5)
facial [VII] glossopharyngeal [IX] vagus
[X] accessory [XI] hypoglossal [XII]
Which branches of spinal nerves are associated with the anterior
triangle of the neck? (2)
transverse cervical nerve ansa cervicalis
Which cervical nerves does the transverse cervical nerve arise from?
C2 and C3
Which cervical nerves does the ansa cervicalis arise from?
C1 to C3
What are the two roots of the ansa cervicalis?
superior root inferior root
What elements of the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems are
associated with the anterior triangle of the neck? (4)
esophagus trachea pharynx
larynx
What two endocrine glands are positioned anteriorly in the neck?
thyroid glands parathyroid glands
Which endocrine gland consists of two lateral lobes joined by an isthmus?
thyroid gland
What structure on the tongue indicates the site of origin of the
thyroid gland?
foramen cecum
What structure marks the path of migration of the thyroid gland from
the base of the tongue to its final location?
thyroglossal duct
What are the three potential sites of ectopic thyroid tissue?
tongue (a lingual thyroid) anywhere along the path of
migration an extra lobe (a pyramidal lobe)
What is the most frequent result of remnants of the thyroglossal duct?
thyroglossal duct cysts
What two major arteries supply the thyroid gland?
superior thyroid artery inferior thyroid artery
What artery is the superior thyroid artery a branch of?
external carotid artery
What are the two branches of the superior thyroid artery?
anterior glandular branch posterior glandular
branch
Which branch of the superior thyroid artery passes along the superior
border of the thyroid gland and anastomoses with its twin from the
opposite side?
anterior glandular branch
Which branch of the superior thyroid artery passes to the posterior
side of the gland and may anastomose with the inferior thyroid artery ?
posterior glandular branch
What artery is the inferior thyroid artery a branch of?
thyrocervical trunk
What are the two branches of the inferior thyroid artery?
inferior branch ascending branch
Which branch of the superior thyroid artery supplies the lower part
of the thyroid gland and anastomoses with the posterior branch of the
superior thyroid artery?
inferior branch
Which branch of the superior thyroid artery supplies the parathyroid glands?
ascending branch
What small artery occasionally arises from the brachiocephalic trunk
or the arch of the aorta and to supply the thyroid gland?
thyroid ima artery
What three veins drain the thyroid gland?
superior thyroid vein middle thyroid vein
inferior thyroid vein
What vein do the superior and middle thyroid veins drain into?
internal jugular vein
What veins do the inferior thyroid veins drain into?
brachiocephalic veins
What nerves are closely related to the thyroid gland?
recurrent laryngeal nerves
What nerve are the recurrent laryngeal nerves branches of?
vagus nerve [X]
What vessel does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve loop around?
subclavian artery
What vessel does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve loop around?
arch of the aorta
What are the two pairs of endocrine glands on the deep surface of the
lateral lobes of the thyroid gland?
parathyroid glands
Which pharyngeal pouch are the inferior parathyroid glands derived from?
third
Which pharyngeal pouch are the superior parathyroid glands derived from?
fourth
What is a thyroidectomy?
A common surgical procedure that involves excision of part or most of
the thyroid gland.
What two structures are at risk for being inadvertently damaged
during a thyroidectomy?
parathyroid glands recurrent laryngeal nerve
What is one of the commonest disorders of the thyroid gland,
characterized by thyroid hypertrophy and colloid cyst formation?
multinodular goiter
What disease causes atrophy of the thyroid gland, leading to
undersecretion of thyroxine?
myxedema