Penguins, seals, and tuna have body forms that permit rapid swimming,
because _____.A) all share a recent common ancestorB) all
of their bodies have been compressed since birth by intensive
underwater pressuresC) the shape is a convergent evolutionary
solution, which reduces drag while swimmingD) this is the only
shape that will allow them to maintain a constant body temperature in water
C
As the size of some animals has evolved to greater sizes, the
effectiveness of their adaptations that promote exchanges with the
environment have also increased. For example, in many larger
organisms, evolution has favored lungs and a digestive tract with
_____.A) more branching or foldsB) increased
thicknessC) larger cellsD) decreased blood supply
A
Much of the coordination of vertebrate body functions via chemical
signals is accomplished by the _____.A) respiratory
systemB) endocrine systemC) integumentary systemD)
excretory system
B
Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has
_____.A) less surface areaB) less surface area per unit of
volumeC) a smaller average distance between its mitochondria and
the external source of oxygenD) a smaller cytoplasm-to-nucleus ratio
B
If you were to view a sample of animal tissue under a light
microscope and notice an extensive extracellular matrix surrounding a
tissue, which tissue type would you most suspect?A)
connectiveB) epithelialC) nervousD) striated muscle
A
Some animals have no gills when young, but then develop gills that
grow larger as the animal grows larger. What is the reason for this
increase in gill size?A) The young of these animals are much
more active than the adult, which leads to a higher BMR (basal
metabolic rate) and, therefore, a higher need for oxygen.B)
Relative to their volume, the young have more surface area across
which they can transport all the oxygen they need.C) The young
have a higher basal metabolic rate.D) Relative to their surface
area, the young have more body volume in which they can store oxygen
for long periods of time.
B
Evolutionary adaptations that help diverse animals directly exchange
matter between cells and the environment include _____.A) a
gastrovascular activity, a two-layered body, and a torpedo-like body
shapeB) an external respiratory surface, a small body size, and
a two-cell-layered bodyC) a large body volume, a long, tubular
body, and a set of wingsD) an unbranched internal surface, a
small body size, and thick covering
B
All animals, whether large or small, have _____.A) an external
body surface that is dryB) a basic body plan that resembles a
two-layered sacC) a body surface covered with hair to keep them
warmD) most of their cells in contact with an aqueous medium
D
Interstitial fluid is _____.A) the internal environment inside
animal cellsB) identical to the composition of bloodC) a
common site of exchange between blood and body cellsD) found
only in the lumen of the small intestine
C
Of the following choices, the epithelium with the shortest diffusion
distance is _____.A) simple squamous epitheliumB) simple
columnar epitheliumC) pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epitheliumD) stratified squamous epithelium
A
Most of the exchange surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with
_____.A) connective tissueB) smooth muscle cellsC)
neural tissueD) epithelial tissue
D
Connective tissues typically have _____.A) little space between
the membranes of adjacent cellsB) the ability to transmit
electrochemical impulsesC) the ability to shorten upon
stimulationD) relatively few cells and a large amount of
extracellular matrix
D
If you gently bend your ear, and then let go, the shape of your ear
will return because the cartilage of your ear contains _____.A)
collagenous fibersB) elastic fibersC) reticular
fibersD) adipose tissue
B
Blood is best classified as connective tissue because _____.A)
its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular
matrixB) it contains more than one type of cellC) its
cells can move from place to placeD) it is found within all the
organs of the body
A
Most types of communication between cells utilize _____.A) the
exchange of cytosol between the cellsB) the movement of the
cellsC) chemical or electrical signalsD) the exchange of
DNA between the cells
C
All types of muscle tissue have _____.A) striated banding
patterns seen under the microscopeB) cells that lengthen when
appropriately stimulatedC) a response that can be consciously
controlledD) interactions between actin and myosin
D
Cardiac muscle cells are both _____.A) striated and
interconnected by intercalated disksB) smooth and under
voluntary controlC) striated and under voluntary controlD)
smooth and under involuntary control
A
The type of muscle tissue surrounding the intestines and blood
vessels is _____.A) skeletal muscleB) cardiac
muscleC) intercalated cellsD) smooth muscle
D
Food moves along the digestive tract as the result of contractions by
_____.A) cardiac muscleB) smooth muscleC) striated
muscleD) skeletal muscle
B
The cells lining the air sacs in the lungs make up a _____.A)
simple squamous epitheliumB) stratified squamous
epitheliumC) pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epitheliumD) simple columnar epithelium
A
The body tissue that consists largely of material located outside of
cells is _____.A) epithelial tissueB) connective
tissueC) skeletal muscleD) nervous tissue
B
You are looking through a microscope at a slide of animal tissue and
see a single layer of flat, closely packed cells that cover a surface.
This specific tissue is most likely _____.A) adiposeB) a
tendonC) epithelialD) a neuron
C
Environmental influences appear to contribute to cellular mutations
that lead to tumor growth. For example, certain diets lead to higher
incidence of colon cancers, and overexposure to sunlight leads to
higher incidence of skin cancers. The tissues in closest contact with
a carcinogen or mutagen (anything that causes genetic mutations) are
obviously the ones most likely to develop tumors. Carcinomas and
melanomas account for well over half of all cancers. What type of
tissue would you guess the term carcinoma and melanoma is most closely
associated with?A) connectiveB) muscleC)
epithelialD) nervous
C
Which of the following is a true statement about body size and
physiology?A) The amount of food and oxygen an animal requires
and the amount of heat and waste it produces are inversely
proportional to its mass.B) The rate at which an animal uses
nutrients and produces waste products is independent of its
volume.C) Small and large animals face different physiological
challenges because an animal's body mass increases cubically while its
surface area increases as a squared function.D) The wastes
produced by an animal double as its volume doubles and triple as its
surface area triples
C
An elephant and a mouse are running in full sunlight, and both
overheat by the same amount above their normal body temperatures. When
they move into the shade and rest, which animal will cool down
faster?A) The elephant will because it has the higher
surface-area-to-volume ratio.B) The elephant will because it has
the lower surface-area-to-volume ratio.C) The mouse will because
it has the higher surface-area-to-volume ratio.D) They will cool
at the same rate because they overheated by the same amount
C
You have a cube of modeling clay in your hands. Which of the
following changes to the shape of this cube of clay will decrease its
surface area relative to its volume?A) Pinch the edges of the
cube into small folds.B) Flatten the cube into a pancake
shape.C) Round the clay up into a sphere.D) Stretch the
cube into a long, shoebox shape
C
If an organism was discovered that had no epithelial tissues, it
would require adaptations to maintain homeostasis in which of the
following areas? The organism would require adaptations _____.A)
in its skeleton for structureB) in its nervous system for
sensing external stimuliC) that would prevent water loss from
the body in a terrestrial environmentD) in its muscular system
for movement
C
The crucian carp (Carassius carassius) is a Northern European
freshwater fish often inhabiting ponds that become hypoxic (have
reduced oxygen levels) and even anoxic (have no oxygen) when the
surface freezes during the winter. Surprisingly, when oxygen levels
are normal, these fish lack the lamellae that provide a large surface
area for gas exchange between water and blood: their gills are smooth.
Yet when the level of oxygen in the water falls, the gill morphology
undergoes a change: packing cells stop dividing and programmed cell
death is induced, exposing gill lamellae that were buried in other
tissue. With lamellae exposed, the gills have increased surface area
for gas exchange. These changes in gill lamellar profile are
reversible: investigators observed that the gills return to their
normal structure within seven days after returning the fish to
well-oxygenated water. (J�rund Sollid, Paula De Angelis, Kristian
Gundersen, and Go?ran E. Nilsson. 2003. Hypoxia induces adaptive and
reversible gross morphological changes in crucian carp gills. Journal
of Experimental Biology 206:3667-73.)
Refer to the paragraph on crucian carp. Gills serve multiple
functions in fish in addition to gas exchange. Given the large surface
area of gills with lamellae, what is the most likely explanation for
why crucian carp cover protruding lamellae in their gills when levels
of oxygen are normal?A) to prevent loss of heat to the
surrounding waterB) to prevent loss of ions to the surrounding
waterC) to prevent protein loss to the surrounding waterD)
to prevent loss of oxygen to the surrounding water
B
Once labor begins in childbirth, contractions increase in intensity
and frequency, causing more contractions to occur until delivery. The
increasing labor contractions of childbirth are an example of which
type of regulation?A) positive feedbackB) negative
feedbackC) feedback inhibitionD) enzymatic catalysis
A
When the body's blood glucose level rises, the pancreas secretes
insulin and, as a result, the blood glucose level declines. When the
blood glucose level is low, the pancreas secretes glucagon and, as a
result, the blood glucose level rises. Such regulation of the blood
glucose level is the result of _____.A) catalytic
feedbackB) positive feedbackC) negative feedbackD)
protein-protein interactions
C
The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant and optimal
internal environment is termed _____.A) balanced
equilibriumB) physiological chanceC) homeostasisD)
static equilibrium
C
An example of a properly functioning homeostatic control system is
seen when _____.A) the core body temperature of a runner rises
gradually from 37�C to 45�CB) the kidneys excrete salt into the
urine when dietary salt levels riseC) a blood cell shrinks when
placed in a solution of salt and waterD) the blood pressure
increases in response to an increase in blood volume
B
Positive feedback differs from negative feedback in that
_____.A) positive feedback benefits the organism, whereas
negative feedback is detrimentalB) the positive feedback's
effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating
stimulus rather than opposite of itC) the effector's response
increases some parameter (such as body temperature), whereas in
negative feedback it can only decrease the parameterD) positive
feedback systems have only effectors, whereas negative feedback
systems have only receptors
B
Which of the following is an example of negative feedback?A)
During birthing contractions, oxytocin (a hormone) is released and
acts to stimulate further contractions.B) When a baby is
nursing, suckling leads to the production of more milk and a
subsequent increase in the secretion of prolactin (a hormone that
stimulates lactation).C) After a blood vessel is damaged,
signals are released by the damaged tissues that activate platelets in
the blood. These activated platelets release chemicals that activate
more platelets.D) When the level of glucose in the blood
increases, the pancreas produces and releases the hormone insulin.
Insulin acts to decrease blood glucose. As blood glucose decreases,
the rate of production and release of insulin decreases as blood
glucose decreases
D
You discover a new species of bacteria that grows in aquatic
environments with high salt levels. While studying these bacteria, you
note that their internal environment is similar to the salt
concentrations in their surroundings. You also discover that the
internal salt concentrations of the bacteria change as the salt
concentration in their environment changes. The new species can
tolerate small changes in this way, but dies from large changes
because it has no mechanism for altering its own internal salt levels.
What type of homeostatic mechanism is this species using to regulate
its internal salt levels?A) conformationB)
regulationC) integrationD) assimilation
A
Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) are born in freshwater environments
and then migrate to the sea. Near the end of their lives, they return
to the freshwater stream where they were born to spawn. In freshwater,
water constantly diffuses into the body and ions are lost from the
body. In salt water, body water diffuses out of the body and excess
ions are gained from the water. A salmon's gills have special cells to
pump salt in or out of the body to maintain homeostasis. In response
to the salmon's moves between freshwater and salt water, some cells in
the gills are produced and others are destroyed. These changes made in
the cells of the gills during the lifetime of an individual salmon are
an example of which of the following?A) evolutionB)
trade-offC) acclimatizationD) adaptation
C
To prepare flight muscles for use on a cool morning, hawkmoths
_____.A) relax the muscles completely until after they launch
themselves into the airB) decrease their standard metabolic
rateC) rapidly contract and relax these muscles to generate
metabolic warmthD) reduce the metabolic rate of the muscles to
rest them before flight
C
In a cool environment, an ectotherm is more likely to survive an
extended period of food deprivation than would an equally sized
endotherm because the ectotherm _____.A) maintains a higher
basal metabolic rateB) expends more energy per kilogram of body
mass than does the endothermC) invests little energy in
temperature regulationD) has greater insulation on its body surface
C
Sweating allows a person to lose heat through the process of
_____.A) conductionB) convectionC) radiationD) evaporation
D
An example of an ectothermic organism that has few or no behavioral
options when it comes to its ability to adjust its body temperature is
a _____.A) sea star living deep in the oceanB) bass living
in a farm pondC) hummingbird flying through a prairieD)
honeybee in a hive on a rural farm
A
The panting responses that are observed in overheated birds and
mammals dissipate excess heat by _____.A) countercurrent
exchangeB) acclimationC) vasoconstrictionD) evaporation
D
Most land-dwelling invertebrates and all of the amphibians
_____.A) are ectothermic organisms with variable body
temperaturesB) alter their metabolic rates to maintain a
constant body temperature of 37�CC) are endotherms but become
thermoconformers when they are in waterD) become more active
when environmental temperatures drop below 15�C
A
The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in
the _____.A) thyroid glandB) hypothalamusC)
subcutaneous layer of the skinD) liver
B
The metabolic breakdown of specialized brown fat depots in certain
animals is substantially increased during _____.A)
acclimatizationB) torporC) nonshivering
thermogenesisD) shivering thermogenesis
C
A moth preparing for flight on a cold morning may warm its flight
muscles via _____.A) acclimatizationB) torporC)
evaporative coolingD) shivering thermogenesis
D
The thin horizontal arrows in the figure above show that the
_____.A) warmer arterial blood can bypass the legs as needed,
when the legs are too cold to function wellB) warmer venous
blood transfers heat to the cooler arterial bloodC) warmer
arterial blood transfers heat to the cooler venous bloodD)
arterial blood is always cooler in the abdomen, compared to the
temperature of the venous blood in the feet of the goose
C
Examine the figure above. Near a goose's abdomen, the countercurrent
arrangement of the arterial and venous blood vessels causes the
_____.A) temperature difference between the contents of the two
sets of vessels to be minimizedB) venous blood to be as cold
near the abdomen as it is near the feetC) blood in the feet to
be as warm as the blood in the abdomenD) loss of the maximum
possible amount of heat to the environment
A
Which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange
between an animal and its environment?A) feathers or furB)
vasoconstrictionC) wind blowing across the body surfaceD)
blubber or fat layer
C
You are studying a large tropical reptile that has a high and
relatively stable body temperature. How would you determine whether
this animal is an endotherm or an ectotherm?A) You know from its
high and stable body temperature that it must be an endotherm.B)
You know that it is an ectotherm because it is not a bird or
mammal.C) You subject this reptile to various temperatures in
the lab and find that its body temperature and metabolic rate change
with the ambient temperature. You conclude that it is an
ectotherm.D) You note that its environment has a high and stable
temperature. Because its body temperature matches the environmental
temperature, you conclude that it is an ectotherm
C
A woman standing and watching the stars on a cool, calm night will
lose most of her body heat by _____.A) radiationB)
convectionC) conductionD) evaporation
A
There are advantages and disadvantages to adaptations. Animals that
are endothermic are likely to be at the greatest disadvantage in
_____.A) very cold environmentsB) very hot
environmentsC) environments with a constant food sourceD)
environments with variable and limited food sources
D
Which principle of heat exchange is the most important explanation
for why birds look larger in colder weather because they fluff their
feathers?A) Fluffing feathers results in less cooling by
radiation because feathers emit less infrared radiation than other
tissues do.B) Fluffing decreases the amount of heat lost by
conduction when the bird makes contact with cold objects in its
environment.C) Fluffing creates a pocket of air near the bird
that acts as insulation.D) Fluffing decreases the
surface-area-to-volume ratio, thus decreasing the amount of heat lost
to the environment.
C
Snake behavior in Wisconsin changes throughout the year. For example,
a snake is _____.A) less active in winter because the food
supply is decreasedB) less active in winter because it does not
need to avoid predatorsC) more active in summer because that is
the period for matingD) more active in summer because it can
gain body heat by conduction
D
Standard metabolic rate (SMR) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) are
_____.A) used differently: SMR is measured during exercise,
whereas BMR is measured at restB) used to compare metabolic
rates during feeding and other active conditionsC) both measured
across a wide range of temperatures for a given speciesD) both
measured in animals in a resting and fasting state
D
Independent of whether an organism is an endotherm or ectoderm, the
LEAST reliable indicator of an animal's metabolic rate is the amount
of _____.A) food eaten in one dayB) heat generated in one
dayC) oxygen used in mitochondria in one dayD) water
consumed in one day
D
Consider the energy budgets for a human, an elephant, a penguin, a
mouse, and a snake. The _____ would have the highest total annual
energy expenditure, and the _____ would have the highest energy
expenditure per unit mass.A) elephant; mouseB) elephant;
humanC) human; penguinD) mouse; snake
A
An animal's inputs of energy and materials would exceed its outputs
if _____.A) the animal is an endotherm, which must always take
in more energy because of its high metabolic rateB) it is
actively foraging for foodC) it is hibernatingD) it is
growing and increasing its mass
D
Which of the following animals most likely uses the largest
percentage of its energy budget for homeostatic regulation?A) a
marine jelly (an invertebrate) living deep in the oceanB) a
snake in a tropical forestC) a shark swimming in the open
oceanD) a bird living year round in a desert
D
A researcher is setting up an experiment to measure basal metabolic
rate in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster-a small rodent). Which of
the following would be the best set of conditions for the voles
immediately before and during the measurement?A) House the
animals in a cage with plenty of food and water to avoid stress;
conduct measurements in a warmer room than the room where
housed.B) House the animals in a cage with plenty of food and
water to avoid stress; conduct measurements in a room the same
temperature as the room where housed.C) House the animals in a
cage with no food for a few hours before measurement; conduct
measurements in a colder room than the room where housed, and exercise
the voles.D) House the animals in a cage with no food for a few
hours before measurement; conduct measurements in a room the same
temperature as the room where housed
D
Hummingbirds are small birds that require a regular food supply. When
hummingbirds are faced with a situation that decreases their food
supply, such as a storm, which of the following adaptations would be
most useful for the bird to survive such an unpredictable and
short-term absence of food resources?A) shiveringB)
torporC) hibernationD) burrowing into soil
B
Organisms maintain dynamic homeostasis (internal balance) through
behavioral and physiological mechanisms. Which of the following
statements is an accurate explanation of a negative feedback mechanism
used by animals to regulate body temperature?A) Squirrels are
able to cool themselves during warmer months by producing more brown
fat, which contains abundant mitochondria and a rich blood
supply.B) Desert jackrabbits have unusually large ears that
serve as solar heat collectors to enable them to maintain their body
temperatures.C) A ground squirrel's hypothalamus detects changes
in environmental temperatures and responds by activating or
suppressing metabolic heat production.D) A goldfish slows its
movements when the water temperature is lower.
C