Teleology and Utilitarianism Theories:
Example:
support what is best for most people. The end justifies the means.
The value of the act is determined by its usefulness, with the main
emphasis on the outcome or consequences. In the U.S., public health
policies are based upon this principle
ex Medicare benefits for all citizens over age 65, The Affordable
Care Act that requires all citizens to have basic insurance
Disaster triage is based upon the concept of
utilitarianism. Health care providers triage rapidly, electing to use
resources to provide the most care to the greatest number of people,
as opposed to expending resources on a single critically ill person
who is unlikely to survive.
Deontology: This theory judges the
EX:
morality of an action based on the action's adherence to rules.
Whether an action is ethical depends on the intentions behind the
decisions rather than the outcomes that result. Deontology does not
look primarily at consequences of actions but examines a situation
based on rightness or wrongness. Many religious traditions are based
upon deontology. Never lying, cheating, stealing.
Example: Respect every patient. Nurses #1 duty is to the patient.
Following policies and procedures, NPA, BON Rules and Regulations
Ethical Relativism: This theory holds
Example:
that morality is relative to the norms of one's culture.
The theory states that before decisions are made, the context
of the decision must be examined. There are no absolute truths,
morality of right or wrong varies from person to person or from
society to society. An example, often used, is female
genital circumcision. One side calls it female genital mutilation
while another group may consider this an appropriate cultural rite
of passage.
Feminist Theory: Supports examination of
context of the situation in order to come to a moral conclusion. It
asks how an action affects the person, the family, and those depending
upon one another (e.g. community).
Example: There are two people, who are 16 years of age, who
have a new diagnosis of insulin dependent diabetes. Neither can
afford the recommended insulin pump. The company will donate one
pump per year as a charity option. Feminist theory might help us
make a decision on which patient to give the pump to. Using this
theory, one would consider the patient�s culture, lifestyle,
motivation, and maturity level before deciding to whom the insulin
pump would be best allocated.
paternalism
Ethics of paternalism autonomy may be interrupted when a
individual is going to harm themselves, can not speak up for
themselves, or is incompetent whether permanently or
temporarily. Example is a nurse is assigned to watch a
suicidal patient to prevent them from doing harm to themselves.
Improving the hygiene of a dementia resident when they are
refusing care. Withholding information temporarily until a
patient is ready for it.
Teleology/Utilitarianism Theory:
Value of an acts usefulness
Deontology Theory:
Value of an acts intentions
Relativism Theory:
Morality is in relation to cultural norms
Feminist Theory/Situational Ethics:
Morality based on the situation
Values: a personal
belief about the worth of a given idea, attitude, custom, or
object that sets standards and influence behaviors (Perry &
Perry 2017)
Value honesty:
tell the truth
Morals Nurses with high morals
do the right thing even when no one is watching
Autonomy: Respect for individuals right to
self-determination to make choices.
...
Non-maleficence: the obligation to cause no
harm.
...
Beneficence:
The duty to do good for a patient
Justice:
The equitable distribution of resources and tasks determined by
patient need
Veracity:
The obligation to tell the truth
Fidelity:
The duty to do what one has promised.
Advocacy:
To speak up or act on behalf of a patient and protect the
patient�s right to their own healthcare choices without letting
personal values interfere. Can also mean protecting the patient from
harm, errors, and oversights, educating the patient, connecting the
patient to resources, or helping the patient communicate with
healthcare providers.
Responsibility:
the opportunity or ability to act independently and respect the
obligations of your profession.
Accountability:
taking ownership of ones actions
Confidentiality:
Keeping patients protected health information privacy
Teaching proper hand washing to school children.
A. Autonomy B. Veracity C. Beneficence
D. Non-maleficence E. Justice F. Fidelity G. Advocacy
Self-reporting a patient care error to the healthcare provider.
A. Autonomy B. Veracity C. Beneficence
D. Non-maleficence E. Justice F. Fidelity G. Advocacy
When the nurse prioritizes care based on need.
A. Autonomy B. Veracity C. Beneficence
D. Non-maleficence E. Justice F. Fidelity G. Advocacy
Following through to check on a patient every 2 hours.
A. Autonomy B. Veracity C. Beneficence
D. Non-maleficence E. Justice F. Fidelity G. Advocacy
Respecting the right for a competent patient to refuse care.
A. Autonomy B. Veracity C. Beneficence
D. Non-maleficence E. Justice F. Fidelity G. Advocacy
Checking allergies before administering medication.
A. Autonomy B. Veracity C. Beneficence
D. Non-maleficence E. Justice F. Fidelity G. Advocacy
facilitating a conference with the patient and care team.
A. Autonomy B. Veracity C. Beneficence
D. Non-maleficence E. Justice F. Fidelity G. Advocacy
The _____ is responsible for developing and revising the �Code of
Ethics for Nurses� Many of our Nursing rules and regulations
are based on
ANA
Prior to the development of the Code of Ethics for Nurses,
nurses used the
Nightingale Pledge
Code of Ethics for Nurses
Provision 1
: Respect and compassion (caring)
Provision 2:
Code of Ethics for Nurses
Duty to the �patient� is priority
Provision 3:
Code of Ethics for Nurses
Advocacy, safety and rights (patient)
Provision 4:
Code of Ethics for Nurses
Decision-making ability and authority
Provision 5:
Code of Ethics for Nurses
Personal standards (health, safety, growth)
Which of the following is not an example of the
nurse adhering to the provisions of the Code of Ethics for Nurses?
A. The nurse obtains a yearly influenza vaccine.
B. The nurse asks a coworker what was said in morning rounds
C. The nurse attends a Texas Nurses Association meeting.
D. The nurse delegates new medication teaching to the LVN.
E. The nurse inquires about a patient�s dietary needs.
D does not adhere to provision 3 and is also a HIPAA violation.
C does not adhere to provision 4
Provision 6:
Code of Ethics for Nurses
Work environment improvement
Provision 7:
Code of Ethics for Nurses
Advancing the profession
Provision 8:
Code of Ethics for Nurses
Collaboration/teamwork to improve health for all
Provision 9:
Code of Ethics for Nurses
Professional organization involvement
Who does the following?
Issues nursing licenses based on minimal skills: Graduate from
an accredited school and PASS NCLEX Exam Accredits and
approves nurse education programs Develop nursing policies,
rules, regulations, position statements Enforces nursing
practice standards and scope of practice of the NPA
State Boards of Nursing: Regulatory body
The �Need to Know� Principle
HIPAA
The �Minimum Necessary� Principle
HIPAA
All persons involved with access to patient information and
medical records.
HIPPA: Who Must Comply?
_____4_____________________ Act makes healthcare more,
accessible, eliminates copays for preventative care, and requires
individuals to have the �minimal essential� health insurance.
Nurses Practice Act Emergency Medical Treatment and
Labor Act Health Insurance Portability and Accountability
Act
The Affordable Care Act New Patient�s Bill of
Rights
Establishes the moral obligations and behavioral standards of
the nursing profession.
Patient Self-Determination Act Nuremberg Code for
Research Participants Patient Care Partnership
Code of Ethics for Nurses
Act is required by facilities accepting Medicare. Allows the
patient to predetermine and choose end-of-life care in the event
they become unable to do so.
Patient Self-Determination Act Nuremberg
Code for Research Participants Patient Care
Partnership Code of Ethics for Nurses
Act requires hospitals to provide emergency stabilization of a
patient regardless of their ability to pay.
Nurses Practice Act
Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act The
Affordable Care Act New Patient�s Bill of Rights
Protects the patient right of autonomy to choose or refuse
experimental treatments and receive enough information to make an
informed consent about such treatments.
The Affordable Care Act New Patient�s Bill of Rights
Patient Self-Determination Act
Nuremberg Code for Research Participants
Patient Care Partnership
Protects the patient�s right to safe, high quality healthcare
that ensures informed consent, allows the patient�s involvement in
their care, and protects their privacy and confidentiality.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
The Affordable Care Act New Patient�s Bill of Rights
Patient Care Partnership Code of Ethics
for Nurses
Act that ensures the protection of a patient�s health
information and standardizes the exchange of medical data.
Nurses Practice Act Emergency Medical Treatment and
Labor Act
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability
Act The Affordable Care Act New Patient�s Bill of
Rights Nuremberg Code for Research Participants
Patient Care Partnership Code of Ethics for Nurses
Establishes and defines the standards and scope of nursing
practice.
Nurses Practice Act Emergency Medical
Treatment and Labor Act Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act The Affordable Care Act New Patient�s
Bill of Rights