SOC 343 Midterm review Flashcards

The �creators� of moral panics are called:
a. Newspaper editors
b. Ministers
c. Sociology professors
d. Moral entrepreneurs

D

According to Merton, if an individual has accepted the goal of
material achievement, but attempts to achieve it through
illegal/illegitimate methods, he or she is a(n)
a. innovator
b. deviant
c. conformist
d. retreatist

A

Which of the following is not part of Sutherland�s differential
association theory?
a. Criminal behavior is learned
b. Criminal behavior is learned in intimate groups
c. Criminal behavior is more prevalent in certain classes and races
d. Criminal behavior is learned through a process of communication
within groups

C

True or false: According to social learning theory, experience in a
juvenile justice facility is likely to result in a positive outcome
for the young person.
a. True
b. False

B

America has 5% of the world�s population, but has
a. 90% of the incarceration population
b. 25% of the world�s incarcerated population
c. 5% of the world�s incarcerated population
d. 50% of the world�s incarcerated population.

B

Any behavior, belief, or condition that violates important societal
norms in a society or group in which it occurs
a. Stigma
b. Deviance
c. Conformity
d.

B

A physical or societal attribute or sign which so devalues a person's
social identity that it disqualifies the person from full social acceptance
a. Deviance
b. Norm
c. Power
d. Stigma

D

Expectations of conduct in a given situation. Behavioral codes that
guide people into actions and self-presentations conforming to social
acceptability situation.
a. Norm
b. Role
c. Power
d. Subculture

A

A mark of disgrace or infamy; a stain or reproach, as on one's reputation
a. Norm
b. Role
c. Power
d. Stigma

D

Collection of norms for conduct tied to a position
a. Stigma
b. Role
c. Power
d. Subculture

B

Ability to make choices (or control others) by virtue of control over
political, economic, and social resources
a. Stigma
b. Role
c. Power
d. Subculture

C

A collection of norms, values, and beliefs that depart from those of
the dominant culture
a. Stigma
b. Role
c. Power
d. Subculture

D

Which does not reflect Durkheim's theory of deviance:
a. Deviance is universal and persistent
b. Deviance helps to clarify norms, unify the group, diffuse
tension, and promote social change.
c. Reinforces sense of community and shared values: e.g., shared
values of what is and what is not a crime
d. Criminal behavior is learned in intimate groups

D

Durkheim's functions of suicide:
When people lack solidarity
a. Egoistic
b. Altruistic
c. Fatalistic
d. Anomic

A

Durkheim's functions of suicide:
Result when the level of solidarity is exceptionally high,
sacrifice life for perceived greater good
a. Egoistic
b. Altruistic
c. Fatalistic
d. Anomic

B

Durkheim's functions of suicide:
Result from too much social control
a. Egoistic
b. Altruistic
c. Fatalistic
d. Anomic

C

Durkheim's functions of suicide:
Occur as a result of rapid change, usually economic
a. Egoistic
b. Altruistic
c. Fatalistic
d. Anomic

D

Which does not reflect Erikson's theory of deviance:
a. The deviant is one whose activities have moved outside the
margins of the group
b. Community reaction is a statement about the nature and placement
of its boundaries
c. Deviance is universal and persistent
d. The critical variable in the study of deviance, then, is the
social audience rather than the individual actor

C

Which does not reflect Merton's theory of deviance:
a. Social conditions generate behaviors that deviate from the norm
b. The critical variable in the study of deviance, then, is the
social audience rather than the individual actor
c. Society creates a strain between cultural goals and socially
structured means to achieve them
d. Strain theory

B

Strain theory:
acceptance of goals and methods of reaching them
a. Conformity
b. Innovation
c. Ritualism
d. Retreatism
e. Rebellion

A

Strain theory:
acceptance of goals but not means of reaching them
a. Conformity
b. Innovation
c. Ritualism
d. Retreatism
e. Rebellion

B

Strain theory:
abandon goals but maintain expected behaviors
a. Conformity
b. Innovation
c. Ritualism
d. Retreatism
e. Rebellion

C

Strain theory:
reject both goals and means of reaching them
a. Conformity
b. Innovation
c. Ritualism
d. Retreatism
e. Rebellion

D

Strain theory:
seek to substitute new goals and means for existing goals and means
a. Conformity
b. Innovation
c. Ritualism
d. Retreatism
e. Rebellion

E

Deviance is the natural outgrowth of the values, norms, and structure
of society
a. Anomie
b. Strain theory
c. Differential association theory
d. Conflict theory

B

The norms of society are unclear or no longer apply, results in
confusion over rules for behavior
a. Anomie
b. Strain theory
c. Differential association theory
d. Conflict theory

A

Factors that lead to an expected consequence or outcome
a. Manifest functions
b. Latent functions
c. Functionalism
d. None of the above

A

Factors that lead to an unforeseen or unexpected consequence
a. Manifest functions
b. Latent functions
c. Functionalism
d. None of the above

B

Patterns of conventional behavior in a society, norms that apply to
everyday matters
a. Folkways (weakly enforced)
b. Mores (strongly enforced)
c. Taboos (forbidden)
d. Norms

A

Norms of morality
a. Folkways (weakly enforced)
b. Mores (strongly enforced)
c. Taboos (forbidden)
d. Norms

B

The most extreme form of mores as they forbid a what a society
defines as its most outrageous practices, such as incest and murder
a. Folkways (weakly enforced)
b. Mores (strongly enforced)
c. Taboos (forbidden)
d. Norms

C

�conformity� and �deviance� are learned behaviors
a. Learning theory
b. Control theory
c. Differential association theory
d. Labeling theory

C

Inner and outer controls help people resist pressure to become deviant
a. Learning theory
b. Control theory
c. Differential association theory
d. Labeling theory

B

Deviance is that which is labeled deviant; it is not inherent
a. Learning theory
b. Control theory
c. Differential association theory
d. Labeling theory

D

The more that individuals are exposed to people who break the law,
the more apt they are to become criminals � human interaction.
a. Learning theory
b. Control theory
c. Differential association theory
d. Labeling theory

C

Deviant behavior is learned in a social context
a. Learning theory
b. Control theory
c. Differential association theory
d. Labeling theory

A

Theory that was a reaction against biological determinism
a. Learning theory
b. Control theory
c. Differential association theory
d. Labeling theory

A

Four principles of Social Learning Theory:
We learn behaviors and norms
a. Differential association with others
b. Definitions
c. Differentail reinforcement
d. Imitation

A

Four principles of Social Learning Theory:
We learn moral attitudes about right & wrong
Include neutralizations & rationalizations- reasons why we
violate norms and morals
a. Differential association with others
b. Definitions
c. Differentail reinforcement
d. Imitation

B

Four principles of Social Learning Theory:
Lifetime balance of anticipated or actual rewards and punishments
-> probability of behavior
a. Differential association with others
b. Definitions
c. Differentail reinforcement
d. Imitation

C

Four principles of Social Learning Theory:
Explains onset of behavior, but not persistence
a. Differential association with others
b. Definitions
c. Differentail reinforcement
d. Imitation

D

Enforcing norms through either internal or external means
a. Social control
b. Conformity
c. Retreatism
d. Rebellion

A

One who commits deviant acts but such acts are unrecognized
a. Primary deviance
b. Secondary deviance
c. Tertiary deviance

A

One avoids being labeled deviant and avoids deviant identity
a. Primary deviance
b. Secondary deviance
c. Tertiary deviance

A

One commits deviant act and such acts are reacted to by others as
deviant and is stigmatized
a. Primary deviance
b. Secondary deviance
c. Tertiary deviance

B

Occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant accepts the
identity and continues the deviant behavior
a. Primary deviance
b. Secondary deviance
c. Tertiary deviance

B

Occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant seeks to
normalize the behavior by relabeling it as non-deviant
a. Primary deviance
b. Secondary deviance
c. Tertiary deviance

C


Identity Embracement: person decides the pejorative
association of the deviant label is unjust and not intrinsic to their behavior
a. Primary deviance
b. Secondary deviance
c. Tertiary deviance

C

Feminist theory:
Gender equality rooted in traditional distinctions in male/female roles
a. Liberal
b. Socialist
c. Radical

A

Feminist theory:
Gender oppression inherent in capitalist societies; relationship
between class and patriarchy
a. Liberal
b. Socialist
c. Radical

B

Feminist theory:
Patriarchy is the key to women�s oppression
a. Liberal
b. Socialist
c. Radical

C

Drug classification:
Depress the Central Nervous System (CNS) (alcohol, barbiturates,
inhalants), narcotics (heroin, morphine)
a. Depressant
b. Stimulate
c. Hallucinogens/psychedelics
d. Cannabinoid
e. Psychotherapeutics

A

Drug classification:
Excite the CNS (cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, caffeine)
a. Depressant
b. Stimulate
c. Hallucinogens/psychedelics
d. Cannabinoid
e. Psychotherapeutics

B

Drug classification:
Alter perception (LSD, Psilocybin, Ecstasy)
a. Depressant
b. Stimulate
c. Hallucinogens/psychedelics
d. Cannabinoid
e. Psychotherapeutics

C

Drug classification:
Marijuana, hashish
a. Depressant
b. Stimulate
c. Hallucinogens/psychedelics
d. Cannabinoid
e. Psychotherapeutics

D

Drug classification:
Drugs to treat mental illness (antipsychotics, antidepressants,
lithium � often complex actions and effects)
a. Depressant
b. Stimulate
c. Hallucinogens/psychedelics
d. Cannabinoid
e. Psychotherapeutics

E

Media representations give impression that all age groups are
involved in crime
a. Age fallacy
b. Dramatic fallacy
c. Ingenuity fallacy
d. Class fallacy
e. Police fallacy

A

The media focus on violent crimes therefore creating fear of crime
especially among elderly and women by over focusing on crimes against
these groups
a. Age fallacy
b. Dramatic fallacy
c. Ingenuity fallacy
d. Class fallacy
e. Police fallacy

B

Media give impression that criminals are clever, yet most crime is opportunistic
a. Age fallacy
b. Dramatic fallacy
c. Ingenuity fallacy
d. Class fallacy
e. Police fallacy

C

Media give impression that middle class are more likely to be victims
of crime
a. Age fallacy
b. Dramatic fallacy
c. Ingenuity fallacy
d. Class fallacy
e. Police fallacy

D

Media give impression that the police are more efficient than they
really are
a. Age fallacy
b. Dramatic fallacy
c. Ingenuity fallacy
d. Class fallacy
e. Police fallacy

E

May involve raised eyebrows, gossip, ostracism, �shaming,� or stigmatization
a. Informal punishment
b. Formal punishment

A

Results from people breaking laws, which are norms enforced by
government bodies
a. Informal punishment
b. Formal punishment

B

What were the themes of the Alexander reading?
a. systems of bias � slavery, Jim Crow
b. structural conditions surrounding bias; Economic changes entwined
with system of bias
c. inequality and incarceration

A

What were the themes of the Wacquant reading?
a. systems of bias � slavery, Jim Crow
b. structural conditions surrounding bias; Economic changes entwined
with system of bias
c. inequality and incarceration

B

What were the themes of the Western & Wildeman reading?
a. systems of bias � slavery, Jim Crow
b. structural conditions surrounding bias; Economic changes entwined
with system of bias
c. inequality and incarceration

C

Geared primarily to the provision and control of labor: Racial caste
line used to resolve the contradiction between democracy and human bondage
a. Slavery
b. Jim Crow
c. Ghetto

A

Secured the labor of former slaves through social and legal codes and
terror limiting the life chances of African-Americans
a. Slavery
b. Jim Crow
c. Ghetto

B

Blacks who had migrated to the North �remained locked in a precarious
position of structural economic marginality and consigned to a
secluded and dependent microcosm�
a. Slavery
b. Jim Crow
c. Ghetto
d. Judicial ghetto

C

Jail or prison is a reserved space that forcibly confines a
legally denigrated population
a. Slavery
b. Jim Crow
c. Ghetto
d. Judicial ghetto

D

Refers to the values, norms, and practices of the group within
society that is most powerful in terms of wealth, prestige, status,
and influence
a. Dominant culture
b. Subculture
c. Counterculture

A

A group within society that is differentiated by its distinctive
values, norms, and lifestyle
a. Dominant culture
b. Subculture
c. Counterculture

B

A group within society that openly rejects and/or actively opposes
society�s values and norms
a. Dominant culture
b. Subculture
c. Counterculture

C

Militarization of the police
a. Stop and frisk
b. 1033 Program
c. Broken windows policy

B

Driving while black
a. Stop and frisk
b. 1033 Program
c. Broken windows policy

A

Highest contributing cause of wrongful convictions
a. Unvalidated/improper forensics
b. False confessions
c. Eyewitness misidentification
d. Informants/snitches

C

Second highest contributing cause of wrongful convictions
a. Unvalidated/improper forensics
b. False confessions
c. Eyewitness misidentification
d. Informants/snitches

A

Lowest contributing cause of wrongful convictions
a. Unvalidated/improper forensics
b. Informants/snitches
c. Eyewitness misidentification
d. False confessions

B