abraham maslow
humanistic movement
to fully understand peoples behaviors psychologist must take into
account the human drive toward personal growth.
argued human behavior is governed by an individuals self concept ;
humans are free
potential for personal growth
we are different from animals fundamentally
carl rogers
humanistic movement
to fully understand peoples behaviors psychologist must take into
account the human drive toward personal growth.
argued human behavior is governed by an individuals self concept ;
humans are free
potential for personal growth
we are different from animals fundamentally
B.F Skinner
harvard
no need to study internal mental events
stimulus to action no need to question thought process
skinner box
documented organisms repeat responses that lead to positive
behavior& do not repeat responses that lead to neutral negative responses
environmental behaviors mold behavior
free will is allusion
outside stimuli
environment controls behavior
John B. Watson
behaviorism- a theoretical orientation based on the premise that
scientific psychology should stay only observable behavior.
wanted psychologist to abandon the study of consciousness and focus
on behaviors.
redefined psych
1st pop psychologist
all about observation
nature v nurture
nuture
tongue cheek test
William James
led functionalist
american scholar
argued structuralist missed the real nature of conscious experiment
consciousness =continuous flow
created stream of consciousness
interested in how people adapt their behavior to the demands of the
real world around them
investigated: mental testing, patterns of development in children,
effects of educational practices, behavioral differences between sexes.
Wilhelm Wundt
german
created definition
the study of conscious experiment
make psych an independent discipline rather than a stepchild of
physiology and philosophy
psych modeled after 2 fields: chemistry and physics
established 1st formal laboratory for research in psych
university of Leipzig
christened 1879 as psychology date of birth
founder of psychology - due to 1st journal for psych
five schools of psychological thought
structuralism
functionalism
behaviorism
humanism
psychoanalytic
structuralism
the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into basic
elements and investigate how these elements are related
looked at stiatic points of flow
gravitated towards the lab
functionalism
psych should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness
rather than its structure
independent variable
event that an experimenter varies in order to its impact on another variable
dependent
variable that is thought to be affected by manipulation or the
independent variable
explain what makes psychology a science
according to wundt, psychology is consciousness the awareness of
experience. thus psychology became the scientific study of conclusive experience
role of dopamine
contributes to control of voluntary movement circuits characterized
as reward pathways
role of serotonin
involves in regulation of sleep, wakefulness, eating & aggression
role of norepinephrine
contributes to motivation or mood and arousal
role of acetylcholine
contributes to the regulation of attention, arousal, and memory
role of Gaba
serves as a widely distributed inhibilly transmitter contribution to
regulation of anxiety and sleep/arousal
brain region
frontal lobe
largest lobe
primary motor cortex
the movement of muscles
parietal lobe
primary cortex
somatosensory
registers sense of touch
occipital lobe
primary visual cortex
a nerve most visual signals are sent to & visual processing is begun
cerebellum
structure that coordinates the muscle movements & balance motor movements
medulla
respondible for regulating largely unconscious functions
temporal lobe
auditory processing
five sensory systems
visual
auditory
gustation
olfactory
sensory
visual system:
organ; eye
night stimulus
auditory system:
organ: ear
hearing
sound stimulus
gustation system:
organ: taste buds ; tongue
food and drink stimulus
taste
olfactory system:
organ: nose
chemical stimulus
smell
sensory system:
organ: skin
mechanical
thermal
sensation
the stimulation of sense of organs
perception
the section, organization and interpretation of sensory input
cones
are specialized visual receptors that play a key role in day light
& color vision; provide better visual activity ( sharpness,
precise detail)
rods
play a key role in night & peripheral vision ;10x more sensitive
to dim light than cones
outer ear
consist of the pinna -sound collecting cone, sound waves funneled
toward the ear drum
middle ear
vibrant of the eardrum are transmitted inward by a mechanical onair,
the ossicels, which serve to amplify any changes in air pressure
inner ear
consist largely of the cochlea
cochlea- a rived allea coiled tunnel that contains the receptors for hearing
eeg patterns
stage of conciousness
beta
normal waking thought,alert , problem solving
alpha
deep relaxed sleep
theta
light sleep
delta
deep sleep
circadian rhythm
circadian rhythm - 24 hour biological cycles found in humanist other speeches.
influenced in the regulation of sleep
daily cycles also produce rhythmic variations in blood pressure,
urine, hormonal,secretions, & other physical functions
insomnia
chronic problems in adequate sleep
narcolepsy
sudden irresistible of sleep on sets during normal waking periods
sleep apnea
First described in 1965
sleep apnea is a breathing disorder characterized by
brief interruptions of breathing during sleep.
There are two types of sleep apnea: central and obstructive.
somnambulsim
This is a sleep disorder characterized by walking or other activity
while seemingly still asleep.
The normal sleep cycle involves distinct stages from light
drowsiness to deep sleep.
physical dependence
exists when a person must convince to take a drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms
psychological dependence
when a person must continue to take a drug to satisfy intense mental
/emotional craving
classical conditioning
type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a
response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.
un conditional stimulus
evokes an unconditional response w/o previous conditioning
unconditioned response
an un learned reaction to all unconditioned stimulus that occurs w/o
previous conditioning
conditioning
acquires the capacity to evoke a conditioned response
conditional response
a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus occurs because of
prevision condition
operant conditioning
a form of learnign wich voluntary response come to be controlled by
more consequences.
fixed ratio
the reinforces is given a fixed # of reinforced response
variable ratio
the reinforce is given after a variable # if non reinforced reactions
fixed interval
the reinforcer is given for the 1st response that occurs after a
fixed time
the interval has elapsed
variable interval
the reinforcer is given for the 1st response after a variable time
intervals have elapsed
positive punishment
add unpleasant action
ex: spanking
negative punishment
taking away desired thing
ex: toy
positive reinforcement
take away something good
negative reinforcement
take away something bad
3 basic processes of memory
encoding
storage
retrieval
encoding
1
forming a memory code
storage
maintaining encoded info in memory overtime
retrieval
retrieving info from memory stores
3 types of problems proposed by greeno
transformation
arrangement
inducing structure
problem of transformation
the person must carry out a sequence of transformation in order to
reach a specific goal
problem of arrangement
the person must arrange the parts in a way that satisfies some criteria
problem of inducing structure
person must discover relations among 2 parts of the problem
availability
basing probability of an event on the case with which relevant
instance comes to mind
representative
basing the probability of an event on how similar it is to typical prototype
gamblers fallacy
person thinks probability of an outcome has changes when really it
stayed the same
is the belief that the chances of something happening with a fixed
probability become higher or lower as the process is repeated
. People who commit the gambler's fallacy believe
that past events affect the probability of something happening in the future
conjunction fallacy
odds of 2 uncertain events happening together are greater than an
event happening alone
validity
the ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure
reliability
measurement of consistency of test; computing a correlation
coefficient
a numerical index of the degree of relationship between 2 variables
heritability ratio
an estimate of the proportion of how variability in a population that
is determined by variations in genetic inheritance
some theorist believe that anywhere between 40%-80%of intelligence
comes from genetics
can use it to study intelligence differences in closer& disarray
twins id/fraternal
drive
a hypothetical, internal state of tension that motivates an organism
to engage in activities that should relieve this tension
icentive
an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior
evolutionary
the motives of humans are products of evolution
3 components of emotion
cognitive
behavioral
physiological
cognitive emotion
what you are thinking about the situation
behaviroal emotion
how you are reacting to the emotion
physiological emotion
how body is feeling accompanying the emotion
sequence of stages of prenatal development
germinal
embryonic
fetal
germinal stage
1st stage
1st two week s
conception
implantation
formation of placenta
embryonic stage
2nd stage
2 weeks to 2 month
formationof vital organs & systems
fetal stage
3rd stage
body growth
movement capability begins
brain cells multiply
age of viability is 6 months
can be born at that time
forms of attachment
infant
secure
avoidant
resistant
infant attachment
deep emotional connection
infant forms with his or her primary caregiver
secure attachment
distress when mom leaves
happy when she returns
resistant
distressed when she leaves
anxious
angry when returned
avoidant
shows no distress when mother leaves
shows no interest when she returns
paigets theory of cognitive development
he asserted that interaction with the environment and maturation
gradually alter the way children think
children's thoughts process go through a series of major stages
paigets stages of thought process
1) sensory motor ( birth -2 years)
2) preoperational (2-7 years)
3) concrete operational (7-11 years)
4) formal operational ( 11 -adulthood)
ericksons theory personality development
eight stages of self development
trust vs. mistrust
Is the world a safe place or is it full of unpredictable events and
accidents waiting to happen?
Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of hope.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
18 months and three,
The child is discovering that he or she has many skills and
abilities, such as putting on clothes and shoes, playing with toys,
etc. Such skills illustrate the child's growing sense of independence
and autonomy.
Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of will.
Initiative vs. Guilt
three and continuing to age five
It is at this stage that the child will begin to ask many questions
as his thirst for knowledge grows
. Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of purpose.
Industry (competence) vs. Inferiority
5-12
If the child cannot develop the specific skill they feel society is
demanding (e.g. being athletic) then they may develop a sense of inferiority.
If children are encouraged and reinforced for their initiative, they
begin to feel industrious and feel confident in their ability to
achieve goals.
success leads to competence
Identity vs. Role Confusion
12-18
During this stage adolescents search for a sense of self and
personal identity, through an intense exploration of personal values,
beliefs and goals.
Intimacy vs. Isolation
18-40
We explore relationships leading toward longer term commitments with
someone other than a family member.
. Generativity vs. Stagnation
40-65
we establish our careers, settle down within a relationship, begin
our own families and develop a sense of being a part of the bigger picture.
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
65 years +
It is during this time that we contemplate our accomplishments and
are able to develop integrity if we see ourselves as leading a successful
kohlbergs theory of moral development
made us understand that morality starts from the early childhood
years and can be affected by several factors.
level 1: Preconventional Morality
the first level of morality, preconventional morality, can be further
divided into two stages: obedience and punishment, and individualism
and exchange.
Stage 1: Punishment- Obedience Orientation
Related to Skinner�s Operational Conditioning, this stage includes
the use of punishment so that the person refrains from doing the
action and continues to obey the rules. For example, we follow the law
because we do not want to go to jail
Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation
in this stage, the person is said to judge the morality of an action
based on how it satisfies the individual needs of the doer. For
instance, a person steals money from another person because he needs
that money to buy food for his hungry children. In Kohlberg�s theory,
the children tend to say that this action is morally right because of
the serious need of the doer.
level 2: Conventional Morality
the second level of morality involves the stages 3 and 4 of moral
development. Conventional morality includes the society and societal
roles in judging the morality of an action.
Stage 3: Good Boy-Nice Girl Orientation
person judges an action based on the societal roles and social
expectations before him. This is also known as the �interpersonal
relationships� phase. For example, a child gives away her lunch to a
street peasant because she thinks doing so means being nice.
stage 4: Law and Order Orientation
respecting the authorities and following the rules, as well as doing
a person�s duty. The society is the main consideration of a person at
this stage. For instance, a policeman refuses the money offered to him
under the table and arrests the offender because he believes this is
his duty as an officer of peace and order.
level 3: Postconventional Morality
The post-conventional morality includes stage 5 and stage 6. This is
mainly concerned with the universal principles that relation to the
action done
Stage 5 : Social Contract Orientation
In this stage, the person is look at various opinions and values of
different people before coming up with the decision on the morality of
the action.
Stage 6 : Universal Ethical Principles Orientation
this orientation is when a person considers universally accepted
ethical principles. The judgment may become innate and may even
violate the laws and rules as the person becomes attached to his own
principles of justice.