Which of the following is NOT a chemical buffer system?
A) Nucleic Acid
B) Bicarbonate
C) Protein
D) Phosphate
A) Nucleic Acid
Metabolic Acidosis
Possibly caused by severe diarrhea or untreated diabetes mellitus
Respiratory Alkalosis
Possibly caused by asthma, pneumonia, or a severe panic attack
Respiratory Acidosis
Possibly occurring with emphysema, extreme obesity, or narcotic overdose
Metabolic Alkalosis
possibly caused by vomiting, use of diuretics, or use of antacids.
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for dehydration?
A) inefficient kidneys
B) vomiting
C) a high rate of insensible water loss
D) increased muscle mass
D) Increased muscle mass
T/F: The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is potassium.
TRUE
In order to buffer a strong acid into a weak acid, which has a less
dramatic effect on pH, what chemical should be used as the buffer?
Weak base
A patient is discovered to have a strange craving for iron objects.
To try to determine the cause, her physician decides to order tests to
determine if this patient might have some type of ______.
Anemia
Which hormone raises blood calcium levels?
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
The body's water volume is closely tied to a powerful water
"magnet." What magnet is referred to here?
ionic Sodium
The most important renal mechanism for regulating acid-base balance
of the blood involves __________.
maintaing HCO3- balance
Problems with fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance are
particularly common in infants because of their ________.
insufficient kidneys
What is the hallmark of hypotonic hydration?
hyponatremia
What is the driving force for water intake?
Thirst
What accounts for the route through which most fluid is lost in a day?
Urine
The fluid link between the external and internal environment is ________.
Plasma
Which of the following is the only logical explanation for why
hypocalcemia increases neuromuscular excitability and causes muscle tetany?
A) Low plasma calcium ion concentration decreases the release of
calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
B) Low plasma calcium ion concentration decreases the rate of
exocytosis of synaptic vesicles.
C) Low plasma calcium ion concentration increases the permeability
of neuron membranes to sodium ions, thereby causing depolarization
that in turn increases the likelihood of action potentials being generated.
D) Low plasma calcium ion concentration increases the likelihood of
acetic acid and choline being formed in the synaptic cleft when a
neuron is stimulated to the threshold level.
C) Low plasma calcium ion concentration increases the permeability of
neuron membranes to sodium ions, thereby causing depolarization that
in turn increases the likelihood of action potentials being generated.
The regulation of potassium balance ________.
involves aldosterone-induced secretion of patassium
Which of the choices below is not an essential role of salts
in the body?
A) membrane permeability
B) anabolism of lipids
C) neuromuscular activity
D) secretory activity
B) Anabolism of lipids
What is the most common cation found in the interstitial fluid?
Na+ (sodium)
Which of the following is an electrolyte?
A) glucose
B) potassium
C) phospholipid
D) cholesterol
B) potassium
Sodium ions are highest in ___.
Blood Plasma
Potassium ions are highest in ___.
Intracellular fluid
Phosphate ions are highest in ___.
Intracellular fluid
bicarbonate ions are highest in ___.
Interstitial fluid
Proteins are highest in ___.
Intracellular fluid
Electrolytes
Dissociate in water
Nonelectrolytes
Do NOT dissociate in water
Extracellular
The fluid compartments outside the cell
Intracellular
Fluid compartments located within the cell
Interstitial
Spaced between cells
Newborn infants have a relatively higher ________ content in their
ECF than do adults.
Sodium
Which of the following would NOT be expected to lead to edema?
A) incompetent venous valves
B) hyponatremia
C) inflammation
D) hypoproteinemia
B) Hyponatremia
Which of the following regulates the secretion of K+ into
the filtrate?
A) Aldosterone
B) Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
C) Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
D) Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
A) Aldosterone
A patient is 72 years old and was admitted to the hospital for severe
shortness of breath and edema to her lower extremities. She was
diagnosed with heart failure. Which side of the heart failed, and how
did this cause edema?
The right side of the heart failed, causing edema in her lower
extremities. The failure to pump blood around the pulmonary
circulation caused pooling of blood in the systemic circulation,
leading to edema.
One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is ________.
a rise in plasma osmolality
What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting
nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and
water retention?
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
Which of the following creates the greatest osmotic pressure?
A) glucose
B) KCl
C) NaCl
D) MgCl2
D) MgCl2
Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of
sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid?
A) antidiuretic hormone
B) renin
C) erythropoietin
D) aldosterone
D) Aldosterone
What is the most abundant intracellular cation?
K+
Select the person in the following list who would have the highest
percentage of water in his or her body.
A) a 25-year-old male of average weight
B) a 25-year-old overweight female
C) a 6-month-old baby boy
D) a 80-year-old man of average weight
C) a 6-month-old baby boy
Which of the following is NOT involved in triggering the thirst mechanism?
A) osmoreceptors detect increased osmolality
B) increase in blood pressure
C) decrease in blood volume
D) dry mouth
B) Increase in blood pressre
Which age group most commonly has fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base
balance issues?
A) Young Adults
B) Infants
C) Growing children
D) The elderly
B) infants
Which of the following conditions promotes edema?
A) Diabetes Mellitus
B) Hyponatremia
C) hypoproteinemia
D) Hemorrhage
C) hypoproteinemia
Which of the following abnormalities would not be observed in a
patient who has Addison's disease?
A) elevated blood plasma potassium level
B) hypertension
C) hyponatremia
D) decreased plasma chloride level
B) hypertension
**Hypertension (abnormally high blood pressure) is typically caused
by restricting blood flow by vasoconstriction or abnormally high fluid
volume in the blood. Water balance is regulated by anti-diuretic
hormone secreted from the posterior pituitary.
What results from increased levels of aldosterone?
A) increased K+ reabsorption
B) increased Ca2+ reabsorption
C) increased Na+ reabsorption
D) decreased Na+ reabsorption
C) increased Na+ reabsorption
Under normal circumstances, most water is lost in __________.
Urine
What type of water imbalance increases the amount of fluid in
all compartments?
Hypotonic hydration
Which of the following does NOT serve as a source of acids in the body?
A) Fat metabolism
B) Ingested foods
C) Aerobic breakdown of glucose
D) CO2 in the blood
C) Aerobic breakdown of glucose
The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result
of ________.
the control of respiratory ventilation
Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing
rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the
following is most likely?
metabolic acidosis
The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion
is ___.
potassium ion concentration in blood plasma
In a given day, what is the typical value for water intake?
2500 ml
What receptors does the brain use to detect changes in osmolality?
Osmoreceptors
After traveling from Los Angeles to Denver, Claire finds she is not
feeling well and checks into a clinic for help. What was the reason of
her complaint, and what has caused this problem?
Respiratory alkalosis caused by hyperventilation. Claire was
breathing faster and deeper due to stress.
The primary buffer of the extracellular fluid (ECF) is the ___.
bicarbonate buffer system
Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts?
A) There are always more positive electrolytes than negative in a
solution; it is therefore impossible to follow fluid shifts.
B) Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and
therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.
C) Nonelectrolytes are the controlling factor in directing fluid shifts.
D) Electrolytes are not as important as proteins in regulating fluid
shifts in the body.
B) Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and
therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.
A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide
due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ________.
Respiratory Acidosis
Which of the following is not a trigger for juxtaglomerular
granular cells to release renin?
A) sympathetic stimulation
B) increased extracellular fluid water levels
C) decreased filtrate
D) NaCl concentration decreased stretch due to decreased blood pressure
B) Increased extracellular fluid water levels
This chemical equation shows the reaction of a strong acid and weak
base in the bicarbonate buffer system. Provide the products of the
following reaction. HCl + NaHCO3 -->
H2CO3 + NaCl
Which buffer system if the most abundant in the body?
Protein
Edema
An atypical accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space
Hypoproteinemia
A condition of unusually low levels of plasma proteins resulting in
tissue edema
Addisons Disease
A disorder entailing deficient mineralocortocoid hormone production
by the adrenal cortex
Aldosterone
Regulates sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid
Hyponatermia
A condition due to excessive water intake that results in net osmosis
into tissue cells. This leads to severe metabolic disturbances.
Which of the following does not depend on the presence of electrolytes?
A) amount of body fat
B) membrane polarity
C) maintenance of osmotic relations between cells and ECF
D) neuromuscular excitability
A) Amount of body fat
What hormone helps to maintain extracellular fluid (ECF) osmolality
when concentrations become too high?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
The regulation of sodium ________.
is linked to blood pressure
What is the most abundant intracellular anion?
HPO4
2-
What is the most important trigger for aldosterone release?
A) decreased sodium ion concentration in the extracellular fluids (ECF)
B) renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
C) increased osmolality of the extracellular fluids (ECF)
D) decreased K+ concentration in the extracellular fluids (ECF)
B) renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
Which of the following is not a disorder of water balance?
A) excessive hydration due to excess ANP secretion
B) excess water in interstitial spaces due to a low level of plasma proteins
C) hypotonic hydration, in which sodium content is normal but water
content is high
D) edema or tissue swelling, which is usually due to an increased
capillary hydrostatic pressure
A) excessive hydration due to excess ANP secretion
Hypermagnesemia
Magnesium excess
Hypocalcemia
Calcium depletion
Hypernatremia
Sodium excess
Hyperkalemia
potassium excess
Hyponatremia
Sodium depletion
Which of the following is NOT a hormone involved in water and
electrolyte balance?
A) thyroxine
B) atrial natriuretic peptide
C) ADH
D) aldosterone
A) Thyroxine
How much water is generated per day from cellular metabolism?
250 ml
Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and
potassium between cells and body fluids?
A) equal amounts of each ion in the cells and body fluids
B) little of either in the cells, but large amounts of each in the
body fluids
C) Na+ mainly in the cells, K+ in the body fluids
D) K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids
D) K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids
PTH (parathyroid hormone) acts on the ___ to ___ Ca2+ reabsorption.
Space 1. DCT
Space 2. increase
T/F: Potassium balance is controlled mainly by renal mechanisms.
TRUE
Starvation would cause which of the following acid-base conditions?
Also, determine what type of compensation (metabolic or respiratory)
there would be.
Metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma
values: pH = 7.2, pCO2 = 55 mmHg, and HCO3� = 30
mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance?
respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation
A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma
values: pH = 7.5, pCO2 = 45 mmHg, and HCO3� = 30
mEq/L. What is the acid-base imbalance?
Metabolic alkalosis with no compensation
A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma
values: pH = 7.2, pCO2 = 25 mmHg, and HCO3� = 18
mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance?
Metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
Diarrhea can lead to which acid/base disturbance? Assuming
compensation, would it be a metabolic or respiratory compensation?
Metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
Emphysema can lead to which acid/base disturbance? What would be the compensation?
Respiratory acidosis; kidneys will retain more HCO3 and excrete H+
What solute in body fluids determines most of their chemical and
physical reactions?
Electrolytes
Of the three buffering mechanisms in the body, which is the strongest?
Renal System
The bicarbonate buffer system is one of the chemical buffer systems
of the body. How would the bicarbonate buffer system work is Sodium
hydroxide were added to a solution?
A hydrogen on carbonic acid would dissociate and join the hydroxyl
group on the base to form water and sodium bicarbonate
The respiratory system is one of the 3 systems that regulate
acid-base balance in the body. How does it work to decrease an acidosis?
Carbonic acid is broken down into water and CO2; the
CO2 is then exhaled.
In respiratory acidosis the kidney would do which of the following?
A) The kidney would reabsorb bicarbonate and secrete hydrogen ions.
B) The kidney would increase excretion of both bicarbonate and
hydrogen ions.
C) The kidney will reabsorb both bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. When
it reabsorbs the hydrogen ion, it also generates more bicarbonate ions.
A) The kidney would reabsorb bicarbonate and secrete hydrogen ions.
Ingesting too much antacid would cause which of the following
acid-base disturbances?
Metabolic alkalosis
Vomiting would cause which type of acid-base disturbance?
Metabolis Alkalosis
Severe anxiety would cause which type of acid-base disturbance? What
would be the compensation?
Respiratory alkalosis
kidneys would excrete HCO3
Which chemical buffer system is the only important system in the
extracellular fluid (ECF) that resists short-term changes in pH?
bicarbonate buffer system
A decrease in blood CO2 levels leads to __________.
an increase in blood pH
The fluid that bathes the cells found in tissues is called __________.
Interstitial Fluid
The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________
buffer system.
bicarbonate
Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels
in the body?
A) aldosterone
B) water levels
C) glucocorticoids
D) ADH
A) Aldosterone
Where is the majority of water stored in the human body?
Intracellular Fluid (ICF) Compartment
A patient's anxiety caused her to develop respiratory alkalosis. What
breathing technique did the nurse recommend, and why?
The nurse instructed the patient to breathe slower and deeper, and to
breathe into a paper bag. This will increase the patient's blood level
of carbon dioxide by eliminating less carbon dioxide from the lungs,
and by breathing in the expired air which has a higher concentration
of carbon dioxide. As a result, the blood pH will decrease.
Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________.
a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction