The ability to store and retrieve information over time
MEMORY
Communication across the synapses strengthens the connections, making
further communication easier
Long-term potentiation
Transforming our thoughts and feelings into enduring memories
ENCODING
maintaining information in our memories over time
STORE
recalling information that has been encoded and stored
RETRIEVE
WAYS TO ENCODE:
actively relating new and old information
WAYS TO ENCODE:
Semantic
WAYS TO ENCODE:
storing new information by converting into mental pictures
ex. picture dictionaries
WAYS TO ENCODE:
Visual Imagery
WAYS TO ENCODE:
Categorizing information by the relationships among items
WAYS TO ENCODE:
Organizational
Types of storage: retains sensory information for a
few seconds or less
Sensory memory
Types of Storage - Sensory Memory:
visual information
Iconic
Types of Storage - Sensory Memory:
auditory information
Echoic
Types of storage:
retains non-sensory information for more than a few seconds
but less than a minute
Short-Term Memory
Enhancing short term memory -
combining small pieces of information into larger clusters
more easily held in the short-term memory
Chunking
Enhancing short term memory -
the process of retaining information in short-term memory
through mental repetition
Rehearsal
Types of storage:
retains information anywhere from hours to years
Long term memory
Retrieval of information diminishes over time
Transience
Lapse or division of attention hinders retreival
Absentmindedness
information available in memory is unable to be retrieved
Blocking
assigning recollections to incorrect sources
memory misattribution
tendency to include misleading, external information in our personal recollections
suggestibility
present thoughts and feelings shape our recollection of the past
Bias
Type of Bias -
enhance similarities between past and present selves
consistency biases
Type of Bias -
enhance differences between past and present selves
change and egocentric biases
intrusive recollection of past events we do not want to recall
persistence
actions that are themselves rewarding
intrinsic motivation
actions that are not themselves rewarding but that lead to a reward
extrinsic motivation
to escape negative outcomes (running from the stick)
avoidance motivation
to secure positive outcomes (running to the cake)
approach motivation
motivations we are aware of
conscious motivations
motivations were not aware of
unconscious motivations
trying to place ourselves in situations that increase desired and
decreased undesired emotional experiences (seeking out friends and
family to share good news)
situation selection
attempting to modify situations in order to influence their impact on
emotional situations (spilling on yourself and joking about it)
situation modification
trying to shift attention in a situation to influence emotional experience
attentional deployment
attempting to shape cognitive appraisals to shape a situations
emotional significance (friend walking by on campus and not saying hi)
cognitive change
changing one's suggestive meaning in an emotional situation to modify
emotional experience
cognitive reappraisal
trying to change one's emotional experience by directly altering it
affective, cognitive, or behavioral components. (going to the gym to
work off stress)
response modulation
attempting to reduce emotional expression (hiding worry in an
interview) (common form of modulation)
expressive surpression
fixed ratio
set number
variable ratio
random number
fixed interval
set time
variable interval
random time
two questions about motivation
what causes it?
why does it vary?
behaviors followed by good outcomes will be repeated, and behaviors
followed by bad outcomes will not
Law of Effect
reinforcement
behavior increased
punishment
behavior decreased
positive
stimulus added
negative
stimulus removed