1) Which of the following is characteristic of antibodies? A)
carbohydrate structure B) composed of heavy and light
polypeptide chains C) three binding sites per antibody monomer
D) incapable of being transferred from one person to another
B
2) Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?
A) exposure to an antigen B) infusion of weakened viruses
C) passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus
D) booster shot of vaccine
C
3) Which of the following is not a type of T cell? A) cytotoxic
B) antigenic C) helper D) regulatory
B
4) B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________. A)
thymus B) spleen C) bone marrow D) lymph nodes
C
5) Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory
response? A) prevents the spread of the injurious agent to
nearby tissue B) replaces injured tissues with connective tissue
C) disposes of cellular debris and pathogens D) sets the
stage for repair processes
B
6) The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local
hyperemia caused by ________. A) vasodilation B)
vasoconstriction C) phagocyte mobilization D) production
of complement and interferon
A
7) The antibody molecule is held together by ________ bonds. A)
disulfide B) hydrogen C) amino acid D) sodium
A
8) In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for
determining which cells will eventually become cloned? A)
antigen B) interferon C) antibody D) complement
A
9) Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or
incorrect statement? A) NK cells are a type of neutrophil.
B) NK cells are present in the blood, spleen, lymph nodes, and
red bone marrow. C) NK cells attack cells that display abnormal
MHC antigens. D) NK cells attack cancer cells and virus-infected
body cells.
A
10) The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are
attracted to an inflammatory site is called ________. A)
diapedesis B) chemotaxis C) margination D) phagocytosis
B
11) Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic
substances are called ________. A) haptens B) antibodies
C) ions D) reagins
A
12) Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in
phagocytosis? A) adherence, digestion, killing, ingestion,
chemotaxis B) chemotaxis, ingestion, digestion, adherence,
killing C) chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing
D) ingestion, adherence, chemotaxis, digestion, killing
C
13) The only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells
are the ________. A) regulatory cells B) helper cells
C) cytotoxic cells D) plasma cells
C
14) Which of the following does not respond to cell-mediated
immunity? A) intracellular pathogens that reside within host
cellsB) some cancer cells C) foreign tissue transplants
D) pathogens in the CNS
D
15) ________ predominate at the sites of chronic infections. A)
Basophils B) Eosinophils C) Macrophages D) B cells
C
16) Interferons ________. A) are virus-specific, so that an
interferon produced against one virus could not protect cells against
another virus B) act by increasing the rate of cell division
C) interfere with viral replication within cells D) are
routinely used in nasal sprays for the common cold
C
17) ________ determine(s) what specific foreign substances our
adaptive immune system will be able to recognize and resist. A)
The type of antigen B) Memory cell production C) Enzymes
present at the time of the invasion D) Our genes
D
18) Regulatory T cells ________. A) release cytokines that
increase the activity of cytotoxic T cells and activated B cells
B) decrease their activity as antigenic stimulus decreases
C) may function in preventing autoimmune reactions D) are
the most thoroughly understood T cells
C
19) Select the correct definition about tissue grafts. A)
Isografts are between identical twins. B) Allografts are between
different species. C) Xenografts are between individuals of the
same species. D) Autografts are between two genetically
identical individuals.
A
20) Which of the statements below does not describe antigens?
A) Antigens exhibit immunogenicity and reactivity. B)
Antigens only come from microbes. C) The parts of antigen
molecules that initiate immune responses are called epitopes or
antigenic determinants. D) Antigens can include proteins,
nucleic acids, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, and certain large polysaccharides.
B
21) ________ are released by activated T cells and macrophages to
mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area.
A) Cytokines B) Perforins C) Interleukin 1 proteins
D) Interleukin 2 proteins
A
22) Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense
against microorganisms? A) keratin B) cilia C)
gastric juice D) phagocytes
D
23) Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens?
A) small molecules B) reactivity with an antibody C)
contain many repeating chemical units D) inhibit production of antibodies
B
24) B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by ________.
A) reducing its size B) immediately producing
antigen-specific antibodies C) forming of a large number of
cells that are unlike the original B cell D) producing progeny
cells that include plasma cells and memory cells
D
25) Graft rejection may be caused by ________. A) using a
xenograft B) use of immunosuppressive drugs C) treatment
with antilymphocyte serum D) total body irradiation
A
26) Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before
activation of adaptive immunity by ________. A) natural killer
cells B) T lymphocytes C) B lymphocytes D) pinocytosis
A
27) Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and
provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to
phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________. A)
diapedesis B) agglutination C) opsonization D) chemotaxis
C
28) Which of the following is not characteristic of the adaptive
immune system? A) It is antigen-specific. B) It is
systemic. C) It has memory. D) It is specific for a given organ.
D
29) Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the
following except ________. A) juvenile diabetes B)
hepatitis C) rabies D) pregnancy
A
30) Which of the following would be classified as a delayed
hypersensitivity reaction? A) immune complex hypersensitivity
B) anaphylaxis C) cytotoxic hypersensitivity D)
allergic contact dermatitis
D
31) Innate immune system defenses include ________. A) B cells
B) T cells C) plasma cells D) phagocytosis
D
32) Which of the following statements is incorrect or false? A)
Haptens lack immunogenicity unless attached to protein carriers.
B) Class 1 MHC molecules are built into the plasma membranes of
all body cells. C) Class II MHC molecules appear only on the
surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that
have been activated by exposure to antigens. D) MHC proteins are
the cell�s identity markers.
C
33) Phagocyte mobilization involves ________. A) diapedesis,
during which cells line up against the capillary wall B)
margination, which is the process of white cell movement through the
walls of capillaries into injured tissues C) mainly neutrophil
and macrophage migration into inflamed areas D) monocytes as the
most active phagocyte
C
34) Fever ________. A) is a higher-than-normal body temperature
that is always dangerous B) decreases the metabolic rate of the
body to conserve energy C) production is regulated by chemicals
that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting D) causes
the liver to release large amounts of iron, which seems to inhibit
bacterial replication
C
35) Immunocompetence ________. A) occurs in one specific organ
of the adaptive immune system B) is the ability of individual
cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it C)
prevents intercellular communication so that only specific cell types
respond to the invader D) requires exposure to an antigen
B
36) Select the correct statement about the prevention of immune
attack on "self." A) The development of tolerance is
specific to B cells only. B) Neutrophils capable of binding to
self-antigens are chemically inactivated. C) Tolerance to self
is due to the action of foreign antigens that inactivate the immune
response to one's own tissues. D) Tolerance is developed during
fetal life.
D
37) Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity.
A) Immunological memory is established by passive immunization.
B) A vaccination is an example of the introduction of passive
immunity into the body. C) The antibodies utilized in active
immunity are acquired from another organism. D) Active and
passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that
use antibodies.
D
38) Cytotoxic T cells ________. A) are the only T cells that
can directly attack and kill other cells B) require the double
recognition signal of I MHC plus II MHC on the target cell in order to
function C) function mainly to stimulate the proliferation of
other T cell populations D) self-destruct once the antigen has
been neutralized
A
39) Helper T cells ________. A) bind tightly to target cells
and release a lymphotoxin called perforin B) often function to
decrease the immune response C) release B7 proteins D)
function in the adaptive immune system activation
D
40) Select the correct statement about immunodeficiency. A)
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) disease is an acquired
condition. B) The causative agent in acquired immune deficiency
syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins. C)
Hodgkin's disease is a hereditary immunodeficiency found in children.
D) The most common form of immunodeficiency is graft-versus-host
(GVH) disease.
B
41) Which of the following is true of immediate hypersensitivities?
A) They are also called type IV hypersensitivities. B)
They are are adaptive immune responses to disease organisms. C)
They include allergic contact dermatitis. D) They involve IgE
antibodies and the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils.
D
42) Delayed hypersensitivities ________. A) are mediated by B
cells B) include allergic contact dermatitis C) include
anaphylactic shock, a systemic vasodilation that results in inadequate
blood delivery to all tissues D) do not involve T cells
B
43) Natural killer (NK) cells ________. A) are also called
cytotoxic T cells B) are a type of phagocyte C) are cells
of the adaptive immune system D) can kill cancer cells before
the immune system is activated
D
44) Select the correct statement about antigens. A)
"Self-antigens" is another name for incomplete antigens.
B) The largest type of antigen is called a hapten. C) Only
small antigens exhibit reactivity. D) One antigen may have many
different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation
of more than one antibody.
D
45) Clonal selection of B cells ________. A) occurs during
fetal development B) results in the formation of plasma cells
C) cannot occur in the presence of antigens D) only occurs
in the secondary immune response
B
46) The primary immune response ________. A) occurs more
rapidly and is stronger than the secondary response B) occurs
when memory cells are stimulated C) is another name for
immunological memory D) has a lag period while B cells
proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
D
47) Select the correct statement about the function of antibodies.
A) Antibodies may directly destroy "invaders."
B) Neutralization is the process by which antibodies cause
invading cells to clump together. C) Complement fixation is the
main mechanism by which antibodies provide protection. D) The
most potent agglutinating agent is IgG.
C
48) Which of the following cells is the most critical cell in
immunity? A) B cell B) helper T cell C) cytotoxic T
cell D) APC
B
49) Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease? A)
multiple sclerosis B) type II diabetes C) systemic lupus
erythematosus D) glomerulonephritis
B
50) Which of the following is not a mechanism for the development of
autoimmune disorders? A) exposure of previously
"hidden" self-antigens to the adaptive immune system
B) a second exposure to an allergen C) mutation followed
by the appearance of membrane proteins not previously present D)
cross-reaction of antibodies formed against foreign antigens with self-antigens
B
51) Select the correct statement about complement. A) An
adaptive immune mechanism is often involved in directing complement to
its target. B) Complement can be activated through three
pathways: classical, secondary, and alternate. C) The membrane
attack complex consists of complement proteins C3a through C5.
D) Complement proteins C1 through C9 act exclusively in the
classical pathway.
A
52) Which of the following is true about the number of binding sites
per functional antibody unit? A) IgD contains 4 binding sites.
B) IgA contains 6 binding sites. C) IgG contains 6 binding
sites. D) IgM contains 10 binding sites.
D
53) Antibody functions include all of the following except ________.
A) binding and inactivating chemical toxins released by bacteria
or other microorganisms B) cross-linking cell-bound antigens on
red blood cells when blood types are properly matched C) linking
soluble antigens together so that they fall out of solution D)
targeting foreign cells so that complement proteins can cause cellular lysis
B
54) Which statement is true about T cells? A) They usually
directly recognize antigens, which then activates a subpopulation of
killer cells. B) Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins
1 and 2. C) Once activated, they cannot secrete cytokines.
D) They will develop into cytotoxic T cells if antigen is
complexed with class II MHC proteins.
B
55) Toll-like receptors (TLRs) trigger the release of ________ to
attract white blood cells to the scene. A) cytokines B)
histamine C) prostaglandins D) complement
A
56) Which of the following is not a method by which antibodies work?
A) neutralizing antigen B) activating cytokines C)
enhancing phagocytosis D) agglutinating and precipitating antigen
B
57) What is the role of interferon in defense against disease?
A) protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses
B) protects cells that have not yet been infected by bacteria
C) activates the complement mechanism D) activates the
inflammatory process
A
58) Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect
statement? A) The lymphoid organs where lymphocytes become
immunocompetent are called primary lymph organs. All other lymphoid
organs are referred to as secondary lymphoid organs. B) It is
our genes, not antigens, that determine what specific foreign
substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist.
C) After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells
are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens
occur. D) T cells and B cells become fully immunocompetent when
they bind with recognized antigens.
C