Corporate Crime
A crime committed on behalf of a corporation
White Collar Crime (Sutherland)
Crime committed by people in the course of their work, social
position and relation to capitalism as a core cultural values
typically leads to less severe penalties.
White Collar Crime (Edelhertz)
A) Personal/ad hoc- no face to face confrontation with victims (taxes)
B) Abuse of trust (bribes. embezzlement, irresponsible behavior)
C)Incidental and in furtherance of organizational operations
(false advertising, fraudulent claims to acquired government resources)
D) Crime as a business/ Con artist (pyramid schemes, stock swindling)
Corporate Violence
tobacco agencies, lack of recall for dangerous cars
Porter Ranch Gas Leak and Methane
Leaked 96,000 tons of methane which is a greenhouse gas with 84 times
the warming power of carbon dioxide, long lasting in atmosphere
Sex
refers to the biological distinction between males and females
Gender
concerns the social differences between males and females. Research
in sociology focuses on gender rather than sex; sociologists
distinguish between sex and gender to study differences be
What beliefs did freud have about women?
Like the early sexologists, Freud believed that women were sexually
passive, engaging in sex only because they want children. Because they
do not have a penis, girls come to believe they have lost theirs, and
eventually, seek to have male children in an attempt to �gain� a penis.
Gender Frames
describe the unconscious categorization based on sex that occurs and
posits people to simplify by putting an individual into an
"average" male/female category.
Second Shift
Describes the unequal distribution of unpaid labor in the home
Work of Suzanne Bianchi
found that women contributed 18 hours of household chores to men's 9
hours and 14 hours caring for children to men's 7.
Male offenders of homicide are most likely to target?
Male offender and male victim: 67.8%
Male offender and female victim: 21.0%
Race
Is a socially constructed category composed of people who share
biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important.
Ethnicity
refers to cultural traits that are shared by a category of people
such as language, religion, or national origin.
Disenfranchisement
as to take away someone's right to vote or to deprive someone of
power, rights and privileges.
Increase of multiracial identities 1980-2010
.
Structural/institutional racism
refers to racism that is featured in the practices of social,
economic, and political systems.
Prejudice
is a negative outlook toward a person or group, based on the
perceived status or characteristics of that person or group
Environmental racism
refers to the practice of placing environmental hazards or otherwise
compromising the environmental quality of communities largely made up
of underrepresented groups.
Life Chances
is a social science theory of the opportunities each individual has
to improve his or her quality of life.
Whites as a demographic - increasing, decreasing, staying the same?
.
Epidemiology
the study of factors that affect the incidence, prevalence, and
distribution of illnesses
Chronic Disease
(lasts 3 months, no vaccines or medicines) are the major cause of
death in the U.S.
Stroke, Cancer etc...
Weber's Iron Cage
Doctors of symbols of authority: Rationalization and rules trap
people within bureaucracies in "a cage of rational calculations.
Excess Death
Describes the amount of people who pass away prematurely over the average.
Iatrogenic
medical issue caused or health risk increased by the physician in the
course of his or her treatment of the patient.
How many people lacked health care before the signing of the
affordable health care act?
42 million
Life expectancy in the US in 1900
47.3%
46.3% male
48.3% female
Material Culture
the physical objects and artifacts created, embraced,
or consumed by society that help shape people's� lives.
Houses
Things we own
Symbolic interactionism
is a theoretical framework that focuses on
How you interact with others is how you make change
(clap hands)
You need other people to make small changes in
society
Micro Theory
Co-create/work together
Conflict Theory:
is a theoretical framework that views society as
unequal system that brings conflict and change
A battle between two different things (fist together/
things going head to head)
Macro Theory
Functional analysis
is the theoretical paradigm that defines society as a
system or interrelated parts
Requires more than one part (hands clapping
technique)
Macro Theory (large scale/balance)
Nonmaterial culture
composed of the abstract creations of human cultures,
including ideas about behavior and living
Expecting applause at the end of a
performance
Patriotism, consumerism
Nuclear/traditional family
Higher education, Catholicism
norms
common rules of a culture that govern the behavior of
people belonging to it
The �oughts� and �ought nots� that guide behavioral
choices
Example: breaking the norm �social norms�
Norms provide justification for sanctions
folkways
fairly weak norms that are passed down from the past;
violation is not considered serious
Example: �giving away� the bride
mores
Strongly held norms; violation seriously offends
standards of acceptable conduct
laws
codified norms or rules of behavior that formalize and
institutionalize society�s norms
Murder
taboos
powerful mores; violation is considered serious and
even unthinkable
Example: incest
sapir-whorf hypothesis
language is perception
our understandings and actions emerge from language.
The words and concepts we learn and use structure our perceptions
of the social world.
what is socialization?
The
lifelong
process by which people learn the culture of their
society
Constructs a sense of who you are, how to think, and
how to act as as members of a culture
Primary way of reproducing culture
Norms, values, beliefs of your culture are �normal�
social practices and perceptions
Primary group
Close, small, intimate
secondary group
Formal,superficial, temporary groups such as
relationships with most classmates
reference group
a group that helps us understand or make sense of our position in
society relative to other groups
what do we learn from socialization in school?
Hidden curriculum: unspoken classroom socialization
to norms, values, and roles of a culture
Values and norms such as patriotism,
competitiveness, morality, respect for authority, basic social
skills
Gender roles, reinforcement of class
status
what do we learn from socialization at home?
Primary socialization group and key in transmitting
norms, values, culture
Stereotypical gender roles and behaviors
Gay- and lesbian- headed families more likely to
challenge gender normative roles
Childhood experience linked to homicide, suicide,
aggression, drug use, college graduation, unwanted pregnancy
Example: spanking and corporal
punishment
�Typical� family varies by ethnicity, class, marital
status
Latinos and African Americans: extended family
share child-rearing responsibilities
Working-class: submit to authority, follow orders
without question, obedience
Middle-class decision-making, creativity, critical
thinking
Stepfamilies: unfamiliar norms, values, and
behavior of new members
what do we learn from socialization at work?
People of the same age and social
standing
More time spent and more influential than family,
high conformity to values and norms
Unique set of norms, vocabulary, media, fashion, role
models, and attitudes
Anticipatory socialization
: process of adopting behavior or standards of a
group you emulate or hope to join
erving golfman
#NAME?
Groupthink
is a psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people in
which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an
irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome
Social Class
is the position that you occupy within the social
structure which is closely linked to social class
Race
is the division of people based on physical
characteristics
Race is a social construct rather than a biological
one
Ethnicity
is the classification of people who share a common
cultural, linguistic or ancestral heritage
prejudice
refers to negative attitudes about an entire category
of people
sterotypes
is taking your prejudice and stigma and putting it on
a person� All international students are smart, all international
students are engineers
discrimination
is the unfair treatment of people based on
prejudice
Discrimination is an action that
what is scapegoating and why do we use it?
One group blaming another for problems they
face
Perception of an outside threat serves to increase
solidarity
Characteristic shared by hate
what is colorism?
prejudice or discrimination against individuals with a dark skin
tone, typically among people of the same ethnic or racial group.
majority group
of positions of social power in a society, and it may be
defined by law.
minority group
refers to a category of people differentiated from the social
majority, those who hold the majority of positions of social power in
a society, and it may be defined by law. Rather than a relational
"social group", as the term would indicate
name and understand 4 types of minorites
...
define sex
the anatomical or other biological differences
between males and females that originate in human genes
define gender
norms, roles, and behaviors associated in a given
society with being male or female
what is the difference between sex and gender?
Complex interaction between biology and cultures
shapes behavioral differences associated with gender
what are gender roles?
are society�s expectations of how males and females
should act and think
Children�s toys are an example of socialization to
gender roles in our society
Gender roles, however, are not fixed but in a
constant state of flux
where do gender roles come from?
Family, Friends, Society, Media
what is transgender?
an umbrella term to describe those whose gender
identity, expression, or behavior differs from their assigned sex
at birth or outside the two gender categories
what is the lolita effect?
is an investigation into the present condition of the media's
portrayal of young girls. Durham's thesis is substantiated in
reference to analyzing the various texts which typify the mainstream
media attitude as well as studies ranging from public health to media studies.
glass ceiling
Many women encounter the ______
an artificial boundary that allows them to see the
next occupational level even as structural obstacles keep them
from reaching it.
glass elevator
men encounter the _______
, the nearly invisible promotional boost men gain in
female-dominated occupations.
what are institutions?
a society or organization founded for a religious, educational,
social, or similar purpose.
an established law, practice, or custom.
what is a total institution
is a place of work and residence where a great number of similarly
situated people, cut off from the wider community for a considerable
time, together lead an enclosed, formally administered round of life.
Secondary Deviance
subsequent acts of rule breaking that occur after primary deviance
and as a result of our new deviant label and people's expectations of you
Primary Deviance
the first act of rule breaking that may incur a label of
"deviant" and thus influence how people think about and act
toward you
social deviance
any transgression of socially established norms
crime
the violation of laws enacted by society
to study crime
criminology
prison rates by status
1. SES
race
gender
1. Socioeconomic status: an individual's position in a stratified
social order
2.
3.
recidivism
...
deterrence (shaming)
philosophy of criminal justice arising from the notion that crime
results from a rational calculation of its costs and benefits??
what is street crime
crime committed in public and often associated with violence, gangs,
and poverty
Sociology
the scientific study of human relationships, groups, and societies
sociology includes?
use of research methods
social embeddedness
understand and generate new knowledge
The Functionalist
Auguste Comte
Herbert Spencer- only the strong survive
Emile Durkheim- solidarity
Walcott parsons- the wheel( all part of a system)
Robert Merton- looks deep into society
The Symbolic Interactionist
George Herbert Mead - to know a society is to understand symbols
Herbert Blumer- collective excitement= irrational behavior
Erving Goffman- all the worlds a stage
Howard Becker- "good girl" "convict" :bad
boy" : LABELS
Auguste Comte
THE FATHER OF SOCIOLOGY
Believed we should study the
social statics
(existing structural elements of society) and
social dynamics
(the change in the structural elements of society)
Herbert Spencer
Survival of the hittest
Happens to smaller towns and thinks it�s positive for
the weak towns to die off
He used social darwinism
Emile Durkheim
Mechanical Solidarity
: refers to community bonding in traditional
societies in which people share beliefs and values and perform
common activities
Organic Solidarity:
Talcott Parsons
Looked at society as independent but interrelated
parts
If one part broke it had repercussions for the entire
system
Inertia of the social system
Robert K. Merton
Sought to create a middle range theory that could
bridge the gap between grand theories and the study of individual
parts of society
FUNCTIONALIST
Intended functions
and
unintended functions,
which are social factors that affect people in
society
EXAMPLE: DRUG POLICIES
SOCIETY
Karl Marx
Believed that the roots of human misery lay in class
conflict, the exploitation of workers by those who own the means
of production.
Workers who do not recognize this exploitation, do so
because they have
false consciousness
- a person�s lack of understanding of his or her
positions in society
Analyzed the effects of capitalism- an economic
system in which private individuals own businesses and control the
economy
Bourgeoisie:
Proletariat:
Harriet Martineau
Inequalities of the sexes
Analyzed the impact of slavery on the position of
women in the U.S
Observed that only white men could vote
Enslaved people and women did not have equal
rights
Jane Addams
Ignorance plus structural barriers = poverty
William Edward DuBois
Father of the study of race in America
�Philadelphia Negro�
Capitalism and problems of history, including
colonialism led to the inferior position of blacks
African Americans had to live in two worlds, one white and
one black which he termed �double
consciousness�
John Bellamy Foster
Writes about the negative effects of
capitalism
Free-market capitalism- short-term rewards by working
to expand markets
Pursuit profit has created environmental and global
problems including extreme global poverty and inequality
Capitalism will reach a point where it will be
impossible to expand
George Herbert Mead
3 basic premises that define symbolic interactionism
Human beings behave toward things on the basis of the
meanings they ascribe to those things
The meaning of such things is derived from, or arises
out of, the social interaction that one has with others and
society
The meanings are handled in and modified through
Normally people interpret the words and actions of
those around them and determine their behavior based on this
interpretation of symbols
However, in group setting our behaviors are
different
Contagion: is a rapid, irrational mode in which
people do not think rationally
Erving Goffman
Dramaturgy: is a theory of interaction in which
all life is like acting
We are constantly trying to manage the impressions
that others have us
Impression management: is the action we use to
control what others think of us
EXAMPLE: first date vs one year later
Howard Becker
Suggest that human action is related to the labels
attached to it
Believes that a label is attached to a certain
behavior when a group
Conflict theorists
Karl Marx- equal wealth = peace
Jane Addams- ignorane + structural barriers= poverty
W.E.B Du Bois - greed + war = poverty
Harriet Martineau- democratic power for all (women suffrage)
John Bellamy Forster- Capitalism= destruction of Earth