What are the 3 ways to classify sensory receptors?
type of stimulus they detect
location in body
structural complexity
list the sensory receptors that are classified by stimulus type:
______:respond to touch, pressure (bp), vibration and stretch
______:sensitive to changes in temperature
______:respond to light energy (ex: retina)
______:respond to chemicals (ex: smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry
______:potentially damaging receptors, sensitive to pain-causing
stimuli (ex: extreme heat or cold, excessive pressure, inflammatory
chemicals) can also trigger subtypes of the previous thermoreceptors,
mechanoreceptors, and chemoreceptors
mechanoreceptors
thermoreceptors
photoreceptors
chemoreceptors
nociceptors
list the sensory receptors that are classified by location:
respond to stimuli arising outside the body
receptors in skin for touch, pressure, pain and temperature
most special sense organs
exteroceptors
list the sensory receptors that are classified by location:
respond to stimuli arising in internal viscera and blood vessels
sensitive to chemical changes, tissue stretch, and temperature changes
sometimes cause discomfort but usually unaware of their workings
interoceptors
list the sensory receptors that are classified by location:
respond to stretch in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments,
and connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles
inform brain of one's movement
proprioceptors
______(intrinsic) reflex: rapid, involuntary, predictable motor
response to stimulus
ex: maintain posture, control visceral activities
ex: can be modified by learning and conscious efford
inborn
______(acquired) reflex: result from practice or repetition
ex: driving skills
learned
BE FAMILIAR WITH FIGURE 13.15 THE 5 BASIC COMPONENTS OF ALL REFLEX ARCS.
(5 QUESTIONS)
BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY PARTS ON THE EXAM
Nerves in the PNS classified according to direction transmit impulses:
______:both sensory and motor fibers; impulses both to and from CNS
mixed nerves
Nerves in the PNS classified according to direction transmit impulses:
______(afferent) nerves: impulses only toward CNS
sensory
Nerves in the PNS classified according to direction transmit impulses:
______(efferent) nerves: impulses only away from CNS
motor
PERIPHERAL NERVES CLASSIFED AS CRANIAL OR SPINAL NERVES
xxxx
_______ nerve (I): sensory nerve that carries impulses for smell to
the brain
smell -Sensory
olfactory
_______ nerve (II): sensory nerve that carries impulses for vision to
the brain
vision sensory
optic
_______ nerve (III): motor nerve that carries impulses to the
extrinsic eye muscles which help direct the position of the eyeball.
This nerve also carries impulses to the muscles that regulate the size
of the pupil
eyelid and eyeball movement ; constricts the iris, controls the lens shape
oculomotor
______ nerve (IV): motor nerve that carries impulses to one extrinsic
eye muscle ( the superior oblique muscle). Once again, this muscle
helps regulate the position of the eyeball
innervates superior oblique-motor; directs the eyeball turns eye
downward and laterally
trochlear
_____ nerve (V): a mixed nerve. the SENSORY FIBERS of this nerve
carry impulses for touch, temperature and pain associated with the
face, teeth, lips, and eyelids. The MOTOR FIBERS of this nerve carry
impulses to some of the mastication muscles of the face.
chewing ; mastication( Largest cranial nerve) face & mouth
touch & pain
trigeminal
______ nerve (VI): a mixed nerve, but primarily a motor nerve. This
nerve carries impulses to the lateral rectus muscle of the eye. This
muscles is an extrinsic eye muscle which is involved in positioning
the eyeball.
turns eye laterally ;innervates laterally at the rectus muscle
abducens
______ nerve (VII): a mixed nerve. The SENSORY FIBERS of this nerve
carry touch, temperature, pressure and pain sensations from the face
to the brain. The MOTOR FIBERS of this nerve carry impulses to many of
the muscles of the face and they carry impulses to the lacrimal glands.
controls most facial expressions secretion of tears & saliva taste
facial
______ nerve (VIII): a sensory nerve that carries impulses for
hearing and equilibrium from the ear to the brain
hearing ; damage here could cause vomiting ,dizziness, rapid eye
movement, loss of balance; regulates equilibrium sensation
vestibulocochlear
______ nerve (IX): a mixed nerve. The SENSORY FIBERS of this nervy
carry basic sensory information and taste sensations from the pharynx
and tongue to the brain. The MOTOR FIBERS of this nerve carry impulses
associated with swallowing to the tongue and pharynx.
Taste; innervates part of the tongue & pharynx for swallowing.
senses carotid blood pressure
glossopharyngeal
______ nerve (X): a mixed. nerve. The SENSORY FIBERS of this nerve
carry impulses from the pharynx, larynx, and some internal organs to
the brain. The MOTOR FIBERS of this nerve carry impulses to some
internal organs and to the skeletal muscles of the larynx and pharynx.
(Longest Cranial Nerve)
senses aortic blood pressure ; involved in digestive tract movement
slows heart rate stimulates digestive organs taste
vagus
_____ nerve (XI): a mixed nerve, but primarily motor. Carries
impulses to muscles of the larynx, pharynx and neck
controls trapezius & sternocleidomastoid controls swallowing movements
accessory
______ nerve (XII): primarily a motor nerve. This nerve carries
impulses to the muscles that move and position the tongue.
controls tongue movements for speech and swallowing ; innervates
extrinsic & intrinsic muscles of the tongue
hypoglossal
femoral nerve L2-L4
?
major branches of the brachial plexus: (knos these in order
roots- 5 vdentral rami (c5-t1) which form
trunks- upper, middle, and lower which form
divisions- anterior and posterior, which form
cords- lateral, medial, and posterior
which of the following nerves does not arise from the brachial plexus:
median
phrenic
radial
ulnar
phrenic
which of the following is not a way that sensory receptors are classified"
type of stimulus they detect
location in the body
structural complexity
sensitivity to a stimulus
sensitivity to a stimulus
which of the following is not a main level of neural integration in
the somatosensory system:
receptor
circuit
segmental
perceptual
segmental
the posterior side of the thigh, leg, and foot is served by the ___ nerve:
bturator
common fibular
tibial
femoral
tibial
starting at the spinal cord, the subdivisions of the brachial plexus
are (in order):
roots, trunks, divisions, cords
roots, divisions, cords, trunks
divisions, roots, trunks, cords
trunks, divisions, cords, roots
roots, trunks, divisions, cords
the cranial nerve with a cervical origin (spinal cord) is the ___:
hypoglossal
accessory
vagus
glossopharyngeal
accessory
a major nerve of the lumbar plexus is the:
femoral
iliohypogastric
sciatic
ilioinguinal
femoral
spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of l4-s4 form the ___:
lumbar plexus
femoral plexus
sacral plexus
thoracic plexus
sacral plexus
striking the "funny bone" is actually stimulation of (or
injury to) the ___:
radial nerve
sciatic nerve
ulnar nerve
median nerve
ulnar nerve
pressure, pain, and temperature receptors in the skin are ___:
interoceptors
exteroceptors
proprioceptors
mechanoreceptors
exteroceptors
potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain are selectively
detected by:
interoceptors
photoreceptors
nociceptors
proprioceptors
nociceptors
nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS only are:
afferent nerves
efferent nerves
motor nerves
mixed nerves
afferent nerves
___ are stimulated when sound waves vibrate hair cells in the inner ear:
mechanoreceptors
thermoreceptors
photoreceptors
nociceptors
mechanoreceptors
which of the following pairs of receptors appear to play
complementary roles in hairy and hairless skin:
tactile discs and lamellar corpuscles
bulbous corpuscles and hair follicle receptors
tendon organs and tactile corpuscles
tactile corpuscles and hair follice recdptors
tactile corpuscles and hair follice receptors
at which level of the somatosensory system are conscious decisions
made about low-grade touch stimuli:
receptor level
circuit level
perceptual level
effector level
perceptual level
cranial nerves "on occasion our trusty truck acts funny, very
good vehicle any how
olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigemenial, abducens,
facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
BE FAMILIAR WITH FIGURE 13.6 A LOCATION AND FUNCTION OF CRANIAL NERVES
BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY PARTS ON EXAM
which cranial nerve is the largest
vagus (X)
which cranial nerve is the only one that exits the
"posterior" side of the brainstem
trochlear (IV)
how many cranial nerves are responsible for eye movement
3:
oculomotor (III)
trochlear (IV)
abducens (VI)
what does "abducens" refer to:
moves the eye laterally causing abduction to the eye
which cranial nerves carry gustatory (taste) information
facial nerve (VII), glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X)
which carnial nerve is the longest
vagus
what 2 cranial nerves carry sensory information about blood pressure
to the brain
glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X)
which cranial nerve is responsible for pupillary constriction
oculomotor
which nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle
trochlear (IV)
damage to this nerve would cause dizziness, nausea, and loss of balance
vestibulocochlear (VIII)
this nerve is involved in movement of the digestive tract
vagus (X)
damage to this nerve would cause difficulty in speech and swallowing,
but no effect on visceral organs
hypoglossal (XII)
damage to this nerve would keep the eye from rotation inferolaterally
abducens (VI)
what is the ANS composed of
motor neurons that innervate smooth and cardiac muscle and glands
operate via subconsious control
true or false: both the somatic and autonomic nervous systems have
motor fibers
TRUE
the SNS is:
involuntary
voluntary
voluntary
the ANS is:
involuntary
voluntary
involuntary
skeletal muscles are effectors in the _1__
cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands are effectors in the __2_
ANS
SNS
1. SNS
2. ANS
efferent pathways and gaglia:
_1__: cell body in CNS; extends in spinal/cranial nerve to skeletal muscle
_2__: uses 2 neuron chain (preganglionic axon, postganglionic neuron)
ANS
SNS
1. SNS
2. ANS
target organ responses to neurotransmitter:
_1__: all somatic motor neurons release acetylcholine (ACh), effects
always stimulatory
_2__: preganglionic fibers release ACh, postganglionic fibers
release norepinephrine or ACh at effectors
SNS
ANS
1. SNS
2. ANS
overlap of somatic and autonomic function:
most spinal and many cranial nerves contain both _1__ and _2__
fibers (duel innervated)
somatic
autonomic
what are the divisions of the ANS
sympathetic : fight or flight
parasympathetic: rest and digest
what is meant by dual innervations
all visceral organs served by both divisions, but cause opposite effects
what is the role of the parasympathetic division of the ANS
directs digestion, diuresis, defecation
blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rates are low
pupils constricted; lenses accommodated for close vision
90% of all parasympathetic fibers are derived from cranial nerve 10 vagus
What is the role of the sympathetic division of the ANS
mobilizes body during activity
controls sexual arousal for both men and women
a synonym for the autonomic nervous system reflects its major
function. the synonym is:
the peripheral nervous system
the central nervous system
the involuntary nervous system
the somatic nervous system
the involuntary nervous system
regulation of heart rate at low normal levels is achieved by the
parasympathetic division
sympathetic division
somatic division
both a and b
parasympathetic divison
how is it possible that norepinephrine can cause vasoconstricion in
one location but vasodilation in another:
sometimes norepinephrine is released by the parasympathetic nervous
system, which causes relaxation
receptor types differ in these situations
norepinephrine is not released by the parasympathetic nervous system
it cant, it's actions are predictable no matter the tissue
receptor types differ in these tissues
the majority of preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are housed
within which cranial nerve
vagus
glossopharyngeal
facial
trigeminal
vagus
preganglionic sympathetic fibers exit the spinal cord via the ___ and
pass through the ___ to enter the ___
lateral horns, posterior vagul trunk, plexus
ventral root, rami communicantes, sympathetic trunk ganglia
dorsal root, lagteral horns, vagal trunk
rami communicantes, sympathetic trunk ganglia, ventral root
ventral root, rami communicantes, sympathetic trunk ganglia
the sympathetic division is involved in which of the following processes:
regulating blood pressure
increasing glucose metabolism
decreasing urinary output
all of the above
all of the above
at the top of the autonomic nervous system hierarchy, the ___
controls most of the autonomic nervous system functions via the
reticular formation:
thalamus
hypothalamus
limbic system
pituitary gland
hypothalamus
which of the following homeostatic imbalances of the ANS is a life
threatening condition involving uncontrolled activation of autonomic neurons:
autonomic dysreflexia
raynaud's disease
hypertensions
orthostatic hypotension
autonnomic dysreflexia
the secretions of the adrenal medulla act to supplement the effects of:
parasympathetic innervation
sympathetic stimulation
vagus nerve activity
nerurosecretory substances
sympathetic stimulation
preparing the body for the "fight-or-flight" response is
the role of the:
sympathetic nervous system
cerebrum
parasympathetic nervous system
somatic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
the somatic and autonomic nervous systems differ in all of the
following except:
their effectors
their efferent pathways
to some degree in target responses to their neurotransmitters
all of the neurotransmitters
all of the neurotransmitters
cardiovascular effects of the sympathetic division include all except:
constriction of most blood bessels
dilation of the vessels serving the skeletal muscles
increase of heart rate and force
dilation of the blood vessels serving the skin and digestive viscera
dilation of the blood vessels serving the skin and digestive viscera
the resting and digesting division of the autonomic nervous system is the:
parasympathetic division
sympathetic division
somatic division
peripheral nervous system
parasympathetic division
control of temperature, endocrine activity, and thirst are functions
associated with the :
medulla
cerebellum
hypothalamus
thalamus
hypothalamus
which of these effectors is not directly controlled by the autonomic
nervous system:
smooth muscles
cardiac muscles
skeletal muscle
most glands
skeletal muscle
which of the following is not a result of parasympathetic stimulation:
salivation
dilation of the pupils
increase peristalsis of the digestive viscera
elimination of urine
dilation of the pupils
autonomic ganglia contain ___:
an outer connective tissue capsule around the cell bodies of
preganglionic motor neurons
synapses between postganglionic fibers and their effectors
the cell bodies of motor neurons
both somatic and afferent and efferent neurons
the cell bodies of motor neurons
the parasympathetic tone ___:
prevents unnecessary heart deceleration
accelerates activity of the digestive tract
determines normal activity of the urinary tract
causes blood pressure to rise
determines normal activity of the urinary tract
which of the following appears to exert the most direct influence
over autonomic function:
hypothalamus
midbrain
reticular formation
medulla oblongata
reticular formation
beta blockers ___:
increase a dangerously low heart rate
decrease hear rate and blood pressure
have widespread sympathetic effects
are potent antidepressants
decrease heart rate and blood pressure
raynaud's disease __:
is characterized by exaggerated vasoconstricion in the extremities
is induced by heat stress
occurs primarily in association with injury to the spinal cord
is frequently life threatining
is characterized by exaggerated vasoconstricion in the extremities
autonomic dysreflexia ___:
is also known as autonomic areflexia
involves uncontrolled activation of autonomic neurons
usually precedes spinal shock
results from overexcitatory input from the cortex
involves uncontrolled activation of autonomic neurons
emotions influence autonomic reactions primarily through integration
in the ___:
lateral horn of the spinal cord
hypothalamus
lateral geniculate of the thalamus
inferior coliculus
hypothalamus
Define special senses and list them:
Which sense makes up the majority of the sense receptors:
distinct, localized receptor cells in the head
taste, smell, hearing, equilibrium, vision
vision accounts for 70% of sensory receptors, not fully functional
at birth; newborns usually use 1 eye at a time
what is the function of accessory structures of the eye:
protect the eye and aid in eye function
rods are used for vision in ___ light
dim
cones are used for vision in ___ light
bright
what is the optic disc (blind spot)
site where optic nerve leaves eye, lacks photoreceptors
what is the pathway that light travels as it enters the eye
cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, entire neutral layer of
retina, photoreceptors
myopia is ___
nearsightedness
hyperopia is ___
farsightedness
What is the specificity of olfactory receptors in humans:
pan and temperature receptors also in nasal cavity
olfactory cells and taste buds are stimulated by substances in solution
sweet taste comes from
sugar
sour taste comes from
hydrogen ions
salty taste comes from
inorganic salts (metal ions)
bitter taste comes from
alkaloids
umami taste comes from
amino acids
BE FAMILIAR WITH FIGURE 15.4A INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE EYE (SAGITTAL SECTION)
KNOW THE LOCATION AND FUNCTION OF THE FOLLOWING EYE STRUCTURES:
SCELERA: FORMS THE SHAPE OF THE EYE AND PROTECTS THE EYE, ANCHORED
BY EXTRENSIC MUSCLE
CHOROID: NOURISHES ALL EYE LAYERS
RETINA: INNERMOST LAYER OF THE EYE
MACULA: YELLOW SPOT, ALLOWS LIGHT TO PASS ALMOST DIRECTLY TO THE
PHOTORECEPTORS BYPASSING THE RETINA LAYERS
OPTIC DISC: BLIND SPOT
KNOW LOCATION AND FUNCTION
BE FAMILIAR WITH FIGURE 15.24A AND 15.24 B STRUCTURE OF THE EAR
KNOW LOCATION OF THE:
COCHLEA
STAPES,
PINNA
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
SEMICIRCULAR CANALS