Normal Microbiota in resp system
Suppress pathogens by competitive inhibition (upper resp)
Lower resp sterile due to ciliary escalator
Upper resp diseases
Pharyngitis, laryngitis, tonsilitis, sinusitis, epiglottitis
(H.influenzae type b)
Streptococcal pharyngitis
strep throat
streptococcus pyogenes
resistant to phagocytosis
escapes defense mechanisms
Scarlet fever occurs when s pyogenes are lysed (erythrogenis toxin)
Common Cold
Rhinovirus (30-50%)
Coronavirus (10-15%)
Lower resp diseases
Bronchitis, Brochiolitis, pneumonia
pertussis
whooping cough
catarrhal - paroxysmal - convalescence
tuberculosis
mycobacterium tuberculosis
M. bovis less than 1% of US, not transmitted human to human
M. avium-intracellulare, infects ppl with late stage HIV
prolonged treatment with multiple antibiotics
BCG vaccine, not widely used in US
Tuberculin skin test screening
test of tuberculosis antibodies
positive reaction means current of previous infection (or vaccination)
Pneumococcal pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae
infected alveoli of lung fill with fluids; interferes with oxygen uptake
Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia
predisposing factors - alcoholism, poor nutrition, cancer, diabetes,
sympt - resemble pneumococcal pneumoniae (intereference with oxygen uptake)
Mycoplasmal pneumonia
walking pneumonia, mycoplasma penumoniae, common in children and
young adults
mild but persistent resp symptoms low fever, cough, headache
PCR test
Legionellosis
Legionella pneumophila
found in water
transmitted by inhaling aerosols, not from human to human
Fatal pneumoniae affects older men who drink or smoke
Q fever
Coxiella burnetii
large mammals
tick vector
can be transmitted via unpasteurized milk
mild resp disease lasting 1-2 weeks, endocarditis
Viral pneumonia
occurs as a complication of influenza, measles, or chickenpox
Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV)
common in infants
pneumonia in infants
serological tes for viruses and antibodies
Influenza (flu)
chills, fever,headache, muscles aches, no intestinal symptoms
prophylaxis multivalent vaccine
Influenza virus
hemagglutinin (HA) spikes used for attachment to host cell
antigenic shift - genetic recombination between different strains
infecting the same cell
antigenic drift - point mutations in genes encoding HA or NA spikes,
allows virus to avoid IgA
Pneumocystis Pnuemonia
FUNGUS
Pneumocystis jirovecii
human/soil
pneumonia
A major means for conserving heat is __________.
a)vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels
b)enhanced sweating
c)increased convective loss
d)increased metabolic rate
e)vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels
a
In glycolysis, glucose must be activated with the use of how many ATP
molecules? a)one b)two c)three
d)five e)ten
b
Most vitamins __________. a)function as coenzymes in the
body b)are carbohydrates c)are used as building blocks for
the body d)are metabolized to make ATP
a
One function of vitamin A is to __________. a)form
visual pigments b)assist in blood clotting c)transfer
electrons in cellular respiration d)help with calcium
absorption e)make DNA synthesis possible
a
The hormone responsible for setting the basal metabolic rate is
__________. a)thyroxine b)melanin
c)glucagon d)insulin e)melatonin
a
The site of electron transport is the __________.
a)mitochondrial matrix b)cytoplasm c)mitochondrial inner
membrane (cristae) d)golgi body e)mitochondrial outer membrane
c
The thermoregulatory center is located in the __________.
a)thymus gland b)liver c)spinal cord
d)hypothalamus e)mitochondrion
d
Which coenzyme is reduced in both glycolysis and the Krebs
cycle? a)manganese b)coenzyme A c)FAD
d)NAD e)vitamin A
d
Which element below is considered a trace mineral?
a)chlorine b)sodium c)phosphorus d)potassium e)chromium
e
Which lipoprotein contains high levels of cholesterol?
a)HDL b)chylomicron c)VLDL d)LDL e)IDL
d
Nutritionally incomplete proteins are low in __________.
a)one or more of the essential fatty acids b)one or more of the
essential amino acids c)one or more of the coenzymes
d)actin and myosin e)one or more of the major vitamins
b
Most of the ATP produced during cellular respiration is produced by
__________. a)the Krebs cycle b)oxidative
phosphorylation during the chemiosmotic process
c)glycolysis d)substrate-level phosphorylation d)gluconeogenesis
b
A function of the liver during the postabsorptive state is
__________. a)electron transport to release glucose
b)glycolysis c)lipogenesis d)to store excess glucose by
glycogenesis e)to mobilize glucose reserves by glycogenolysis
e
The hormone that controls essentially all events of the absorptive
state is __________.
a)insulin
b)ADH
c)thyroxine
d)glucagon
ecalcitonin
c
Which of the following factors makes it harder for an obese person to
lose weight? a)an increase in taste receptors b)an
increase in metabolism that increases appetite c)an increase in
thyroxine levels as fat levels accumulate d)an increase in heat
loss from the body that requires more food intake e)an increase
in alpha receptors (the kind that favors fat accumulation) in fat cells
e
Which of the following is the amount of energy the body needs to
maintain life? a)BMI b)BMR c)MR d)TMR
b
Which of the following is a physiological response to
hypothermia? a)increasing physical activity
b)covering up with a blanket c)shivering d)drinking warm fluids
c
A kilocalorie is the amount of energy __________.
a)needed to heat 1 kilogram of water 1 degree Fahrenheit
b)locked up in 1 kilogram of water c)needed to heat 1 kilogram
of water 1 degree Celsius d)needed to move 1 kilogram of water 1 meter
c
Essential nutrients refer to nutrients that are __________.
a)essential for the human body to function b)synthesized
every day in the body c)obtained from an outside source because
the body cannot make them fast enough to meet the body's needs, so our
diet must provide them d)stored in the body for times of starvation
c
Prolonged high protein intake can lead to __________.
a)kidney damage b)loss of bone mass c)muscle
building d)a negative nitrogen balance
b
Which of the following substances is considered a provitamin?
a)vitamin D b)niacin c)beta-carotene d)iron
c
Which of the following fat-soluble vitamins is NOT stored in the
body? a)vitamin A b)vitamin E c)vitamin
K d)vitamin D
c
The final product of glycolysis is __________. a)the
formation of four ATP molecules b)the production of acetyl
coenzyme A c)two molecules of pyruvic acid, two molecules of
NAD+, and a net gain of two ATP d)glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
c
Cyanide acts as a poison by __________. a)blocking
glycolysis b)abolishing the proton gradient by making the
cristae membrane permeable to H+ c)irreversibly binding to
oxygen d)interfering with the flow of electrons in the electron
transport chain
d
During fasts lasting several weeks, blood glucose is maintained by
__________. a)gluconeogenesis
b)glycogenolysis c)glycolysis d)lipolysis
a
A low-density lipoprotein would contain __________. a)a
low cholesterol content b)a high lipid content c)a high
protein content d)a low lipid content
b
The role of __________ is to transport excessive cholesterol from
peripheral tissue to the liver, where it is broken down and becomes
part of bile. a)low-density lipoproteins
b)high-density lipoproteins c)chylomicrons d)very low
density lipoproteins
b
The official medical measurement of obesity is the __________.
a)proportion of LDLs to body weight b)basal metabolic
rate c)body mass index d)proportion of bone density to weight
c
__________ acts to suppress appetite by inhibiting __________, which
is the most-powerful known appetite stimulant. a)Insulin;
glucagonb)Growth hormone; lipasec)Serotonin;
adrenalined)Leptin; neuropeptide Y
d
Which of the following statements about "redox" reactions
in human metabolism is correct? a)Oxidized substances
gain energy. b)Enzymes accept hydrogen. c)The substance
being reduced loses an electron. d)Coenzymes accept hydrogen.
d