What is nutrients
It a substances in food the body needs for growth and repair, maintence
What is kilocalories and what does it measures
the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of
water to 1 degree celcius
It measures the energy of food
This has two other nutrients that are required, nut only in small amounts
This is a micronutrients
What are the two types of micronutrients
Vitamins and minerals
h20 is required
this is a nutrient that must be eaten because body cannot synthesize
these from other nutrients
This is Essential nutrients
How many nutrients are considered essentials
45-50 essential nutrients
What is the nonessential nutrients
They are vital to life if not emough is avaialbe, liver can usually
convert another nutrients into one needed
What are the 3 macro type of nutrients
Carbohydrate
Lipids
Proteins
What is micro nutrients
vitamins and minerals
What is vitamins
organic molecules coenzymes
vitamin d
made in skin
vitamin B and K
synth by intestinal bacteria
Vitamin A
converted from beta-carotene
Structure (bone) and ion balance (action potential)
Mineral
organic componds that are crucial in helping body use nutrients
functions as coenenzyme
vitamins
Water-soluble vitamins
B complex and C
B12 absorption
What are vitamins not stored in the body , any not used within 1 hour
are excreted
Water-soluble vitamins
What are fat-soluble vitmans
Vitamins A, D, E, K
Which vitamins are not stored in the body
vitamin k
This sum of all biochemcial reactions inside a cell involving nutrients
This metabolism
Synthesis of large molecules from small ones ex, synthesis of
proteins from amino acids
anabolism
hydrolysis of complex structures to simpler ones (ex. breakdown of
proteins into amino acids
catabolism
catabolic breakdown of food fuels whereby energy from food is
captured to form ATP in cells
Cellular respiration
goal of cellular respiration is to trap chemical energy in what
ATP
Where is energy stored and broken down later
Glycogen and fats
enzymes shifts high-energy phosphate groups of ATP to other molecules
Phosphorylation
involve the gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen atoms and their electron
oxidation reactions
what is oxidation -reductions
redox reaction
oxidized substances lose electron and energy
reduced substances gain electrons and energy
oxidation-reduction
this reaction are catalyzed by enzymes that usually require a B
vitamin coenzyme
redox reaction
what are two important coenzymes act as hydrogen
NAD ; FAD
What are two mechanism are used to make ATP from capture energy that
is liberated during cellular respiration
substrate-level phosphorylation
oxidative phosphorlation
the high energy phosphate groups are directly transferred from
phosphorylated substrates to ADP. THis occurs twice in glycolysis
andonce in KReb cycles
This is substrate-level phosphorylation
What are the necessary enzyme in cystol
glycolysis
What enzyme in the Kreb cycle
the mitochondria
what produces the most ATP
the oxidative phosphorylation
this is a couple movments of substances across the membranes to
chemical reaction
chemiosmotic process
As hydrogen flow backs through _______ membrane channel protein,
energy from flow is used to phosphorylate ADP
ATP synthase
This fuel most used by cells to make ATP
Glucose
________ and ______ rely entirely on glucose
Neurons and RBCs
A complete glucose catabolism requires three pathways. What are the
three pathways
Glycolysis Kreb cycle and electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
what a name for glycolysis
how many step are included for oxidation of glucose
glycolytic pathway
10 step pathway
what are three major phases of oxidation of glucose
sugar activation
sugar cleavage
sugar oxidation and ATP formation