In epidemiology, a ___________ study occurs after disease outbreak to
determine the characteristics of ill people such as age, sex, personal
habit, location, etc.
Descriptive
___________ are substances that are toxic to white blood cells.
Leukocidins
Normal flora referred to as _____________ are only present for short
periods of time, now and then.
Transient
___________ refers to bacteria reproducing in the blood.
Septicemia
The _________ __________ Organization (WHO) determines which diseases
are possible to eradicate from the face of Earth;
It provides guidance, funding, and education.
World Health
A _________ infection is a local infection that spreads;
Examples include rabies, hepatitis A, and tetanus.
Focal
A ________ is a continual source of infectious agents;
Soil, water/food, diseased animals, and other humans are all examples.
Reservior
A _________ disease is one that can be inactive for long periods of time;
Example include viral diseases such as shingle and cold sores.
Latent
A _____ epidemic is one where the number of cases continues to rise
as infected people continue to infect others.
Propagated
A capsule helps a pathogen escape ____________ unless opsonization
has occurred.
Phagocytosis
A respiratory ___________ produced by sneezing, coughing, and talking
(especially in crowds) can easily spread respiratory diseases over
distances less than 1 meter.
Droplet
A _________ _________ epidemic occurs due to a single exposure of a
group of people.
Common Source
_________ are projections of microbes that match host receptors at
the correct portal of entry.
Ligands
Disease that are not spread from one person to another (such as
botulism or tetanus) are called _______________.
Noncommunicable
During pathogenesis, __________ occurs as the microorganisms multiple
to establish themselves on or within the host.
Colonization
Normal flora referred to as ____________ are virtually always present.
Resident
The National _____ ________ ________ _________ and prevention,
located in Atlanta, Georgia, publishes the MMWR;
50+ diseases are continuously "monitored" to detect any
trends early.
Centers for Disease Control
_______ refers to the total number of existing cases (old and new) of
a disease in a given population, usually expressed as a percentages;
a "snapshot" to help assess the overall impact of a disease.
Infectious Dose
__________ rate is calculated as the number of cases in a given time
divided by the population at risk;
contagious diseases such as influenza typically have a high rate
because each infected individual transmits the disease to several others.
It is also the first ":M" in MMWR
Morbidity
The __________ refers to the partner being harmed by a parasite.
Host
His "postulates" were experimental steps to establish the
microbe that causes a disease.
Koch
______ refers to identification of a disease by evaluating signs,
symptoms, and lab results
Diagnosis
Following transmission to a new host during pathogenesis (the
production of disease process), there must be ____________ to the
target host tissue in order for colonization to occur, pili, and
complementary surface molecules may both help.
Adherence
The presence of a _________ is common in pathogenic bacteria
It inhibits phagocytosis because it is slippery and slimy so the
phagocyte can't get a good grip.
Capsule
_________ are subjective changes in the body during
a disease;
They include pain and malaise (a feeling of general discomfort)
Symptoms
A _________ infection is asymptomatic and may go unnoticed,
especially in children.
Subclinical
__________ is an exoenzyme that breaks down fibrin clots, allowing
bacteria to spread.
Fibrinase
The ___________ period of a disease occurs when the disease is most
acute and death is most likely;
Marked by fever, chills, enlarged lymph nodes, elevated white blood
cell count, etc.
Illness
The first step for pathogenesis to occur is ___________ to a
susceptible host;
This may occur form the environment (soil, water) from humans or
other animals by direct or indirect means.
Tranmission
A __________ disease develops slowly and symptoms persist for a long duration;
Mononucleosis, TB, leprosy, and syphilis are examples.
Chronic
A __________ is a host with a pathogen that does not cause disease in
the host, but can be transmitted to others where it could cause disease.
Carrier
___________ Diseases can be transmitted from on person to another;
Measles, colds, and influenza are examples.
Communicable
__________ are objective, measurable changes in the body during a disease.
They include fever, edema, lesions, rash, pus, and inflammation.
Signs
___________ refers to the process of disease development;
steps include transmission, adherence, invasion, colonization,
damage to host, exit from host, and survival long enough for
transmission to the next host.
Pathogenesis
___________ is an exoenzyme that breaks down H2O2 produced by
phagocytes into water and oxygen, preventing digestion of the engulfed bacterium
Catalase
___________ spread of disease is a direct form of transmission that
only occurs across the placenta (syphilis or rubella) or from mother
to newborn (Herpes)
Vertical
Prevalence refers to the total number of existing cases (old &
new) of a disease in a given population, usually expressed as a ___________
a snapshot to help assess the overall impact of a disease
Percentage
A _____________ infection is when the microorganisms are restricted
to a small area
Example: Wart or Boil
Local
_____________ refers to a general feeling of being unwell
Malaise
_________ refers to a form of symbiosis where both partners benefit
from the relationship
E-coli normal flora in humans provide vitamin K some of the B
vitamins, and make helpful bacteriocins (chemicals to fight off
harmful species)
Mutualism
Once host defenses have been overcome and disease has developed,
a ________ period follows incubation in some diseases
It is marked by early mild signs/symptoms such as aches and malaise.
Prodromal
The exoenzyme ________ activates prothrombin in blood plasma;
Prothrombin then combines with fibrinogen, forming a fibrin clot for
the pathogen to hide;
This helps prevent phagocytosis
Coagulase
___________ are toxic soluble proteins secreted by some bacteria;
Examples are the cause of botulism and tetanus
Exotoxins
The _______ period of disease (one to a few days in duration) occurs
when signs and symptoms subside;
This is also when the patient is most susceptible to
secondary/opportunistic infections.
Decline
____________ __________ was an Irish immigrant cook in New York in
the early 1900s;
It is estimated that she infected over 1000 people and became
perhaps the best-known carrier of all time.
Typhoid Mary
The _________ infection is one that spreads throughout the body via
the blood and lymphatic system;
Measles, tooth abscesses, appendicitis, chickenpox, and syphilis are examples.
Systemic
Once host defenses have been overcome, and disease is developing, the
_________ period occurs before the first signs and symptoms appear;
This period may be short (10-14 days with typhoid fever) or long (10
years with AIDS)
Incubation
An __________ organism is usually nonpathogenic, but it can become
pathogenic under certain circumstances such as when there is a
reduction of normal flora, or if it gets into a different part of the body.
Opportunistic
A _______ refers to a group signs and symptoms that typically occur
with a particular disease often helpful for diagnosis.
Syndrome
_______ refers to the form of symbiosis where one partner benefits at
the expense of the other (called the host), causing harm and possibly
even death.
Parasitism
A ________ vector is part of the pathogen's life cycle.
Biological
An _________ disease is constantly present in a population, the
common cold is an example.
Endemic
An __________ occurs when a lot of people get a disease in a short
period of time.
Epidemic
All types of __________ (emotional, nutritional, physical) increase
production of immunosuppressive corticosteroids
Stress
______ is the study of the frequency and distribution of disease in
order to identify risk factors and set guidelines for the prevention
and control of certain diseases.
Epidemiology
_________ spread of a disease is a direct form of transmission from
person to person.
Horizontal
__________ are poisonous cell components that are released when the
microbe dies/breaks apart;
Includes various lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in Gram-negative cell walls.
Endotoxins
During disease recovery, the _________ period follows the decline period;
This is the period of time necessary to fully regain strength.
Convalescent
____________ refers to a form of symbiosis where one partner benefits
while the other is neither helped nor harmed;
Staphylococcus epidermidis lives off of skin secretions and
sloughed cells.
Commensulism
__________ rate is the percentage of people who die from a disease;
AIDS, Ebola, and plague have high rates
It is also the second "M" in MMWR
Mortality
a worldwide epidemic is call a ___________;
Influenza and AIDS are examples.
Pandemic
A potentially fatal condition called _________ __________ can occur
when endotoxins are released from Gram-negative bacteria as they break apart.
Septic Shock
_________ _________ refers to microorganisms that normally line in/on
the body without producing harm;
They may be resident (always there) or transient (only present for a
short time)
Normal Flora
The exoenzyme _________ is also nicknamed "spreading factor";
It breaks down the "glue" of connective tissue, enhancing
spread through the body.
Hyaluronidase
During pathogenesis, adherence to the target tissues leads to
successful _______________;
The higher the number of microbes present, the more likely this will occur.
Invasion
In epidemiology, once the occurrence of an outbreak has been fully
described, an ____________ study is done to identify specific
risk factors that result in high frequencies of disease;
Involves a comparative approach where people
with the disease are compared to similar people
without the disease.
Analytical
Cockroaches and house flies are not involved in the parasite's life
cycle, but are merely carriers;
There are referred to as __________ disease vectors.
Mechanical
____________ refers to the presence of toxins in the blood.
Toxemia
A _________ disease is a communicable disease that is easily spread;
chickenpox and measles are examples.
Contagious
__________ refers to disease cases in a specific time period compared
with the general healthy population;
Regardless of the population size, this is expressed as #
cases/100,000 people for easier comparison.
It indicates both the rate and risk of infection.
Incidence
___________ are exotoxins that lyse red blood cells.
Hemolysins
A _____________ disease primarily of other animals that can also
affect humans;
Swine flue, rabies, RMSF, anthrax, and bubonic plague are examples.
Zoonosis
__________ disease transmission involves transfer of pathogens from
one person to another;
This is typical of fragile pathogens that cannot survive expended
periods of time in the environment (such as Treponema pallidum
and Neisseria gonorrhoeae)
Direct
____________ are inanimate objects that may act as an indirect
transmitter of pathogens;
Used tissues, unsanitized eating utensils, toys, and contaminated
needles are examples.
Fomites
An ________________ disease develops fast but for a short duration;
Influenza is an example.
Acute