cells
basic structural and functional units of the body
cell theory
All living things are made up of one or more cells
the chemical reactions of life (metabolism) take place within cells
all cells arise from pre-existing cells (capable of reproduction)
the 2 main types of cells
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
prokaryotic cells
Bacteria and Archaea
DNA is loose in the cell
NO internal membrane bound organelles!
eukaryotic cells
animals and plants
DNA is enclosed in a nucleus and associated with proteins
contains membrane-bound organelles
cytoplasm
semifluid in which organelles are suspended
70% water, 20% proteins
nucleus
Control center of the cell
contains genetic information
it flows from DNA to RNA to a Protein!
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
the region of the endoplasmic reticulum that is studded with ribosomes and engages in protein modification
ribosomes attached to a flattened membrane in the cytoplasm
ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis (creation)
STUDDED WITH RIBOSOMES (SITES WHE
Ribosomes
Makes proteins!!!!!!
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
detoxifies substances from blood
makes several types of lipids and carbs
makes new membrane
DETOXIFIES DRUGS, PRODUCES MEMBRANE, LIPIDS, CARBOHYDRATES
Golgi apparatus
protein processing plant", can modify the newly made protein
"repackages" and directs the finished protein to a destination in or outside the cell
SORTS, MODIFIES, AND PACKAGES PRODUCTS OF THE RER
lysosomes
a bag of digestive enzymes
DIGESTS SUBSTANCES IMPORTED FROM OUTSIDE THE CELL, DESTROY OLD OR DEFECTIVE CELL PARTS OR CELLS
cytoskeleton
protein fibers in the cytoplasm, suspending the organelles and allowing the cell parts to move, move materials around in the cell
Structures derived from the cytoskeleton
flagellum
cillia
fagellum
tail-like apparatus for cell movement
cilia
hair-like projections that can help the cell to swim
cilia in your breathing passages move / help clear mucus and dust
like the cilia in your lungs!
centrioles
Located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division
help to organize the cytoskeleton
they also guide the separation and movement of chromosomes
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell!!!!!!!!
provides energy (ATP) for all the cell's function
Functions of the cell / plasma membrane!!!
maintenance of structural integrity of the cell
recognition between cells
communication between cells
sticking cells together to form tissues and organs
regulation of movement of substances into and out of the cell
ways that molecules move into the cell
selective diffusion
osmosis
active transport
selective diffusion
SMALL molecules (O2, CO2, and non-polar lipids) go across the membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration
osmosis
movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration
active transport
cell membrane protein, ATP, against concentration gradient
exchange of larger materials in and out of the cell
endocytosis
exocytosis
endocytosis
process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
exocytosis
transport vesicles migrate to the plasma membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents
to expel material from the cell
only in animal cells
centrioles and lysosomes!!!!!!!!
only in the plant cell
contains a cell wall, chloroplast and large vacuole
vacuoles
Stores food, water, wastes, and other materials
also helps maintain cell shape?
cell wall
made of cellulose
provides shape and support!
plasmodesmata
channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells
junctions between plant cells
chloroplast
An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs
food production in plants!!!
Endosymbiosis
A theorized process in which early eukaryotic cells were formed from simpler prokaryotes.
from prokaryotes to eukaryotes!!!
What theory proposes that the eukaryotic cell evolved from an ancestral prokaryotic form that developed a beneficial association with another smaller prokaryotic organism?
endosymbiosis!!!