organic chemistry
the study of compounds that contain carbon
What 2 atoms to organic compounds contain
hydrogen atoms
carbon atoms
isomers
compounds with the same molecular formula but a different structures and properties
structural isomers (constitutional isomers)
have different covalent arrangement
cis-trans isomers (geometric isomers)
same covalent bonds but different spatial arrangement
cis: x is on the same side
trans: x is on opposite sides
Enantiomers
isomers that are mirror images of each other; important in the pharmaceutical industry
one is active and the other is not, could even be toxic to the body
functional groups
components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions
Hydroxyl groups (-OH)
polar due to electronegative oxygen, forms hydrogen bonds with water
compound name: alcohol
Carbonyl group (C=O)
A carbon atom linked by a double bond to an oxygen
sugars with ketone groups (Kentons)
those with aldehydes (aldoes)
compound name: keto and aldehyde
Carboxyl group (-COOH)
Acts as an acid.
Compound name: Carboxylic acid, or organic acid
Amino group (-NH2)
Acts as a base.
Compound name: Amine
sulfhydral group (-SH or -HS)
2 - SH groups can react forming a cross link that helps stabilize protein structure
compound name: thiol
Phosphate group (-OP3^2)
contributes a negative charge, when attached allows molecule the ability to react w/ water, releasing engird
compound name: organic phosphate
Methyl group (-CH3)
affects the expression of genes when on DNA ;affects the shape and function of male and female sex hormones
compound name: methylate d compound
ATP
important source of energy for cellular processes
consists of an organic molecule called adenosine attached to a string of 3 phosphate groups
stores the potential to react with water, a reaction that releases energy used by the cell
macromolecules
A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules; polymers built from monomers
polymers
a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks
monomers
repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer
enzyme
specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions such as those that make or break down polymers
dehydration reaction
synthesizing a polymer; removes water molecules forming a new bond
hydrolysis
breaking down a polymer; water molecule is added, breaking a bond
carbohydrates
macromolecules that serve as fuel and building material for the cell
include sugars and polymers of sugars
monosaccharides -have molecular formulas that are usually multiplies of CH2O
disaccharides: formed through a dehydration reaction between 2 monosacc
starch
A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose. amylose: simplest forms
cellulose
major component of tough cell wall of plant; polymer of glucose like starch but differ in glycoside linkages
glycogen
storage polysaccharides in animals, stored mainly in muscle cells and liver cells
hydrolysis of glycogen releases glucose when sugars is in high demand
chitin
A chemical that provides both toughness and flexibility
used to form exoskeleton in arthropods,major component of the cell wall of fungi
lipids
diverse of hydrophobic molecules that do not include polymers
unifying feature: do not mix well with water: hydrogen bonds between water molecules but exclude fats
fats: major source of energy storage
saturated and unsaturated fats
Saturated:
- no carbon-carbon double bonds
-straight chains
-solid at room temperature
Unsaturated:
- 1 or more carbon-carbon double bond
-kinks in chain
-liquid at room temperature
steroids
lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
cholesterol
A lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids.
Proteins
macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
some speed up chemical. reactions (enzymes)
diverse functions
-defense, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement, structural support
constructed from the same set of
polypeptides
unbranched polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids
protein
A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.
amino acids
organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups
differ in properties due to differing side chains (R groups)
Primary structure
proteins unique sequence of amino acids
secondary structure
The second level of protein structure; the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain.
tertiary structure
determined by interactions among various R groups; overall shape
quaternary structure
The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.
structure of nucleotides
5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
Nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
dan provides direction for its own replication and directs the synthesis of mRNA, controls proteins synthesis
Pyrimdines
single 6 member ring (cytosine, thymine, and uracil)
purines
6n member ring joined to a 5 member ring (adenine and guanine)