Chordata
fish phylum with a backbone
Class Agnatha
jawless fish, not often a pet
Class Chondrichthyes
cartilaginous fish, rare pet, sharks
Cartilaginous
have a skeleton made of cartilage
Sharks
bad idea, too large, carnivores
Class Osteichthyes
bony fish, most common in aquariums
Fish Cells
have salt in them
Cells in Fresh Water
water enters cells to balance equilibrium; fish drink little, urinate a lot; cell bursts
Cells in Salt Water
water leaves cells to balance equilibrium; fish drink a lot, urinate infrequently; cell shrinks
Gills
used for breathing, pull oxygen out of water
Heart
two-chambered
Heterothermic
temperature varies with surroundings, lowers needed energy level
Labyrinth
pocket at top of head, enables life in poor conditions
Swim Bladder
used for buoyancy, use nitrogen from blood to fill, helps with energy conservation
First Domesticated Fish
carp developed into koi, goldfish
Tropical Fish Temperatures
low to mid 70s
Feral
once domestic and reverted back to wild
Brackish Water
mix of fresh and salt water; where river enters ocean
Oviparous
lay eggs; 90% of fish
Viviparous
having a placenta and live babies
Ovoviviparous
hold eggs inside until they hatch; 10% of fish
Egg-Scatterers
eggs and sperm scattered randomly; simplest, most common
Ex Vivo
fertilization occurs outside of body
Bubble-nest Builders
make spit bubbles, deposit eggs in them; poor conditions; spouse abuse
Scoopers
make a nest to deposit eggs and semen
Mouth Brooders
babies swim into fishes mouth, usually spit out, protection
Ovophile
egg
Larvophile
babies
Live-Bearers
egg hatches internally, male mates female, ovoviviparous; (guppies, mollies)
Aquarium Fundamentals
1. Liberal water surface
2. Enough light
3. Right Temperature
4. Water Quality
5. Correct Feeding
Water Surface
greater surface area=better, increases gas exchange
Light
not important for fish, bad for cleanliness
Temperature
Tropical- 72-78, Goldfish- 60.
Oxygen Levels
cold water holds more than warm
Fish Feeding
Feed 1x day, 5 min; overfeeding causes excess waste
Location Tank
away from sunlight (causes algae, temp changes), sturdy radiator
Mechanical Filters
gravel, wool, floss
Chemical Filter
activated charcoal
Biological
bacteria (most effective)
Under-Gravel Filter
air bubbles/powerhead, creates circulation
Air Pump
circulates water
Thermometer
important for keeping a constant temperature
Good Aquarium Decoration
glass, plastic, stainless steel, driftwood
Bad Aquarium Decoration
coral, limestone, marble stone, metals (not calcium carbonate, breaks down into water)
Filling Aquarium
pour water into empty bowl for water to overflow
Aquarium Water
tap water, eliminate chlorine; never distilled water
Aquarium Plants
add water, remove waste; requires light; remove dying plants
Area for Fish
3 sq in / small fish, 4-8 sq in / larger (surface area); One inch per gallon
Aquarium Cover
keeps fish in tank, lowers evaporation, keeps foreign objects out
Cleaning Aquarium
siphon bottom every 2wks (gravel vacuum); scrape algae from glass (scrubby for walls)
Techniques to Add New Fish
feed "old" fish first, Float bag of fish, consider quarantine tank
Nitrate
less toxic to fish than nitrite/ammonia
Nitrogen
from amino acids in urine
Ammonia
toxic to fish, bacteria consume ammonia
Water Quality Changes
Nitrogen levels increase until water changed; Ammonia levels from water rise, until bacteria grows, decrease; Nitrite levels increase as ammonia decreases; As bacteria grow Nitrate increases, nitrite decreases.
Uses of digested foods
heat, maintenance, growth, reproduction, lactation
Essential Nutrients
nutrients supplied by outside source
Essential Amino Acids
must be supplied in the diet; listed as % crude protein
Amino Acids
R" group different in each amino acid, Nitrogen found in H3N+
Protein
important to build muscle and growth; quality of protein varies
Needed Fatty Acids
linoleic acid, arachidonic acid; delivery fat-soluble vitamins; dense energy source; 2.25x more energy than carbs
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
vitamins that dissolve in fat; stored in fat
Fatty Acid Deficiency
poor skins, hair loss, uncontrolled nervous responses, mortality
Fatty Acid Sources
olis, fats, lard (pork fat), tallow (beef fat)
Carbohydrates
not essential, cheap energy source, digestibility varies
Energy Suppliers
fats, carbohydrates, proteins; produced by breaking C-H bonds
Calorie
energy required to increase temp of 1ml of water 1 degree C
Problem with using protein for energy
N part will be excreted, excess stored as fat, renal failure, cost
Problem of use of fat for energy
easier to overeat, no real problem
Fat-Soluble Vitamin Types
A- epithelial tissue, eye sight
D- bones and teeth
E- antioxidant, normal reproduction
K- blood clotting
Fat-Soluble Vitamin Uses
coenzymes, antioxidants, hormones, catalysts
Water-Soluble Vitamins
not stored in body, easily deficient
Water-Soluble Vitamin Types
thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, B6, B12, folic acid, pantothenic acid, biotin, C
Mineral Functions
enzyme cofactors, bone/teeth components, electrolyte balance, cell structure/function
Macro Minerals
need more, inorganic
Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl
Trace Minerals
need less
Fe, I, F, Zn, Se, Cu, Mn, Mg
Water Functions
shape/structure, transport, solvent for chemical reactions, heat regulation
Symptoms of Dehydration
headaches, lethargy, mood changes, slow responses, dry nose, dry lips
Fish Nutrition
high protein, important to have highly digestible diet, LOW energy requirement
Factors Affecting Fish Nutrition
age, sex, temperature, size, breeding status, sickness
Thermal Control
fish do not produce heat
Reasons Fish Energy Requirement Low
thermal control, movement, resistance of gravity
Resistance of Gravity
swim bladder allows "floating
Fry
baby fish
Feeding Fry
feed infusoria, green water
Infusoria
microorganisms floating in water
Green Water
water with many microorganisms
Making Green Water
used" water, add lettuce, grass, egg; creates microorganisms
Mouth
mastication, saliva with enzymes
Stomach
acid breakdown, enzyme breakdown, storage, mixing
Small Intestine
duodenum > jejunum > ileum, digestive enzymes, absorbs vitamins, carbs, amino acids
Pancreas
produces digestive enzymes
Liver
gall bladder, produce bile (emulsifies fat)
Large Intestines (Colon)
water absorption, microbial digestion, vitamin/salt absorbed, storage
Rectum
stores feces
Anus
defecation
Disease Cause
an insult to an animal to by a microorganism that is not normally a part of the animals' existence
Conditions not caused by Organisms
toxicities, nutritional deficiencies, metabolic disorders, inherited disorders, maladaptation, cancers
Bacteria
single-celled organisms with a simple cell structure; most numerous
Bacteria Movement
flagella enables them to swim, adapted to moist environment
Bacteria Reproduction
asexual; no genetic exchange
Helpful Bacteria
Break down, convert Nitrogen, chemical changes, sewage treatment; Foods: yogurt, sauerkraut, kefir, kombucha
Harmful Bacteria
cause disease, spoils food
Bad Bacteria
anthrax, diphtheria, gonorrhea, leprosy, pneumonia, syphilis, tentanus, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, salmonellosis
Natural Defenses
skin/scales, mucin coat
Mucin Coat (IgG)
part of immune system (reasons not to hold fish, removes)
Bacterial Infection Treatment
Antibiotics
Virus
smaller than bacteria, can infect bacteria, not really a living organism
Virus Structure
made up of nucleic acid, surrounded by protein coat; no cell wall; not cellular
Virus Reproduction
direct the processes of host cells, "pirate" hijacks host cell
Human Viral Diseases
poliomyelitis, measles, smallpox, chicken pox, mumps, influenza, hepatitis, herpes, HIV, tumors, warts.
Good Viruses
vaccines, bacteriophage
Virus Treatment
not antibiotics, must wait until it ends, treatments is for well-being
Trouble with Virus Treatment
difficult to destroy without harming host cell (imbedded in each cell)
Antivirals
interfere with replication mechanisms
Antibiotics vs Viruses
Antibiotics do not have an affect; used to fight secondary infections; creates antibiotic resistance
Protozoa
free living organism, larger than virus and bacteria
Protozoa Reproduction
budding, splitting, spores; hatch in correct conditions
Protozoa in Humans
malaria, African Sleeping sickness, toxoplasmosis
Protozoa Treatment
treated, essentially a parasite
Fungi
group of organisms with no green coloring matter, carbon as energy source
Fungi Treatment
anti fungal agents
Fungi Examples
athlete's foot, ringworm, molds, yeast
Parasites
an animal that parasitizes others
Internal Parasites
flukes, worms
Fluke
found in intestines, level, lungs, blood
Worms
hookworm, roundworm, tapeworm, whipworm
External Parasites
lamprey, mites, lice, ticks
Lamprey
jawless fish that attacks to other fish
Prions
infectious protein particle that causes disease, no RNA/DNA
Prion Contraction
eating infected nervous tissue (brains, spinal tissue, thyroid supplements), unclean surgery
Prion Incubation
long period, caused by slow change of nearby prions (convert each other)
Prion Disease Examples
BSE, CJD, Chronic Wasting Disease, Scrapie, Kuru
Antigen
foreign particle attacks particle, specific to antibody, removed from body to recover
Antibodies
proteins produced to fight antigens, produced by B-cells, IgG form antibodies
Antibodies Role
attach to antigens and assist in their removal, destroy antigens by connecting to receptor
Immune Response
body recognizes antigen, B-cells respond to produce antibodies specific to antigen, B-cells specific to antigen continue to be produced continuously
Autoimmune Disorder
body attacks itself
Attributes of Immune System
ability to recognize self vs non-self, diversity, specificity, memory (prevents reinfection)
Marine Animals
live in salt water
Marine Aquariums
must monitor, more fragile; pH and salinity very important, BE PATIENT takes awhile to establish tank
Marine Aquarium pH
8.0-8.3; must be closely monitored, use sodium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate to adjust
Salinity
very important, measured by density
Marine Aquarium Filtration
ammonia toxicity common, require protein skimmers, biological filtration, UV or ozone sterilizers
Protein Skimmers
remove from from top of aquarium
Coral Reef Tanks
strong lighting (keeps algae growing), moving water (wave motion)
Sea Horse
spiny fish, swim erect, prehensile tail (used to hold onto things), change color to match environment/mating
Sea Horse Reproduction Process
male pumps brood pouch with air bubbles to mate, female approaches male frontally (chosen by capacity), female inserts ovipositor into male, eggs fertilized
Sea Horse Gestation
10-30 days, male births 60-70 babies individually.
Invertebrates
lack vertebrae, wide range of organisms, occupy all habitats
Mollusks
23% of marine species, head and foot, mantel, breathe with gills or lungs
Mantel
fold of tissue covering visceral organs
Snails
eat anything, hermaphrodic or single,
Hermaphroditism
both male and female sex organs, cannot fertilize themselves
Squids and Octopi
short lives, die after mating, not a good pet
Crayfish
exoskeleton, grow by molting, omnivorous (eat anything, destroy aquarium)
Crayfish Birth
female lays eggs and sticks them to her body until they hatch
Crabs
males have lg claw to attract female, semi-terrestrial
Semi-Terrestrial
needs dry land, will drown if constantly submerged in water
Amphibians
have skin without scales, heterothermic, three-chambered heart, fresh water and terrestrial
Metamorphosis
start as tadpole (gills) grow into an adult (lungs)
Amphibian Reproduction
oviparous, need water (lay egg in water, hatched there)
Amphibian Housing
terrarium (all land, some water), aquarium (1/2,1/2)
Amphibian Temperature
68-72, can freeze solid over winter then thaw to be active
Amphibian Feed
primarily insects, pinky mice; supplement vitamins by guts-loading,
Amphibian Hydration
absorb water through skin
Toxic Amphibians
poison dart frog, american toad; causes mouth foaming, vomiting, short term
Thyroxin
speeds up metamorphosis
African Clawed Frogs
common pets, illegal in some states (carry deadly fungus), invasive
Reptiles
no metamorphosis, heterothermic, 3-4 chambered heart, scales, air breathing, terrestrial
Reptile Reproduction
primarily oviparous, eggs incubate outside of water (enabled by nutrients in shell), internal fertilization, incubation depends on environment
Snake
purchase a captive-reared snake, raise individually, large may be difficult to raise
Healthy Snake Traits
inside of mouth pink, feeding demonstration
Mouth Rot
bacterial mouth infection, treat with antibiotics, slow to heal
Feeding Demonstration
ask for upon purchase, insures snake is willing to eat
Snake Enclosure
large (at least 30 gallon) aquarium with secure lid and hide outs
Snake Temperature
temp gradient, 75-90, daily fluctuation,
Temperature Gradient
heat source on one end, snake can chose temperature
Hot Rocks Problem
to temp spread, burn snake
Snake Humidity
provide a water bath, increase during molting
Snake Enclosure Substrate
carpeting, shavings, shredded bark, newsprint. NO sand.
Snake Feeding
carnivores, eat whole dead prey (live is dangerous), about every other week.
Snakes Hinged Jaws
allows to bring in a large food source
Snake Reproduction
few ovoviviparous, most oviparous
Lizards
good pets; geckos, bearded dragons, anoles, chameleons
Leopard Gecko
small, 10-20 year life span, raised together (all female or a pair)
Lizard Enclosure
similar to snakes
Lizard Feeding
mealworms, crickets; need to gut-load
Lizard Reproduction
lay eggs in sets of 2, 10-16 eggs per year, temperature dependent sex
Temperature Dependent Sex Determination
Sex not determined by genes but instead temperature of incubation; normal temps produce 1:1 ratio
Color Morphs
wide range of colors/stripes/spotting that may not survive in wild (easier to prey on)
Iguanas
very large, herbivores
Turtles Enclosure
aquarium, dry and wet; clean drinking water; full spectrum light (vitamin D**), temperature gradient
Turtle Feeding
carnivorous (need high protein levels), feed insects, fish, chicken, fruits and veggies. Vitamin A is important; excess protein causes pyramiding
Pyramiding
effects shell growth, thickens.
Turtle Reproduction
need to hibernate first, lays a clutch of eggs, eggs cannot be turned over; can store sperm instead of laying immediately, temperature dependent sex
Herp Advantages
allergenic, cheap, exotic, low maintenance, not loud, feeding
Herp Disadvantages
long lifespan, habitats, feeding, temperature control, size, heterothermic, cuddle factor, regulations, personal injury
Salmonella
commonly found in reptiles, primarily turtles; laws created to prevent outbreaks.
Jacobson's Organ
behind nose in top of mouth, allows them to taste odors by sticking tongue to roof of mouth; common in snakes.
Regeneration of Body Parts
mostly tails, some stumpy legs.
Lymphocystis
causes wart-like growths, common in fish, no cure, must depose of animal
Infectious Dropsy
scale protrusion, swollen; more a symptom than disease; caused by bacteria, kidney failure
Viral Amphibian Diseases
warts, tumors, ranaviruses
Viral Reptile Diseases
warts, tumors, grey patch
Grey Patch Disease
causes damage under shell; turtles; result of herpes
Bacterial Fish Disease
mycobacteria > tuberculosis
Mycobacteria
proteolytic organism that causes fin rot
Proteolytic
breaks down fin/tail/skin proteins
Tuberculosis
necrotic lesion of visceral tissue, tumors, weight loss; different than in human
Bacterial Amphibian Diseases
red leg, pseudomonas, aeromonas, tuberculosis
Red Leg
begins in legs, spreads; most common in pet frogs
Bacterial Reptile Disease
mouth rot, salmonella, pneumonia, ulcerative shell disease, shell rot
Fungi in Fish
often secondary to primary issue, not common
Fungal Amphibian Diseases
not common, Chytnd Fungus
Protozoa in Fish
Ich, major problem
Ich
white spots, treat with salt (speeds up life cycle), causes stress to fish
Ich Cycle
white spots develop > Lay Eggs, Fertile Eggs > Eggs hatch > Free Floating, attack fish, killed at this stage
Internal Amphibian Parasites
causes mutant, trematodes burrow into skin
Fish Louse
fish lice, attach to scales
Herb Nutritional Problems
NEED calcium, vitamin D, vitamin A; metabolic bone disease
Metabolic Bone Disease
bones not well formed, very thin; prevent with proper feeding
Dystocia
egg binding, eggs cannot be expelled; caused by calcium deficiency, maladaptation
Sterile Gut Syndrome
antibiotics kill natural flora in intestine
Homeothermic
keep a constant temperature