An ____ is an electron pair acceptor
acceptor
Lewis acid, which seeks electrons, is an ______
electrophile
A base is an electron pair ______ (forms bond with _____.)
1. donor
2. proton
Acid/Base reactions will produce _____ and a ____..... and some time a __________.
1. water
2. salt
3. carbon dioxide
A lewis base, which seeks substances which are electron ______, is classified as a ___________.
1. Deficient
2. Nucleophile
Strong acids are ___________( ) in water.
100% ionized (completely dissociated)
With weak acids only a small % __________ ( ) in water
ionized (incompletely dissociated)
Acid-Base reactions are ______ ______.
Equilibrium processes
The relationship between the relative concentrations of the reactants and products is a ____ _____ _____ referred to as the ____ _ _____ _____ _____.
1. temperature dependent constant
2. Acid or Base Dissociation Constant
The ______ the acid or base, the larger the value of the ________ constant (the more completely _____ it is).
1. stronger
2. dissociation
3. dissociated
This gives rise to an equilibrium expression, ___
Keq
____ tells you which way the reaction is going
Keq
If Keq is greater than 1 it favors _____.
product
If Keq is less than 1 if favors _____.
reactants
If a chemical system in equilibrium is disturbed, the system will adjust to restore equilibrium.... (whose principle?)
Le Chatelier's Principle
Two variables that alter equilibrium:
1. Change in ______ of ______ or _______.
2. Change in _____, change ______.
1.concentration 2. temperature
reactants Keq
products
The pH is a measure of a solutions ________.
Low pH = ______.
1. acidity
2. acidosis
The _____ the pH, the _____ the concentration of the hydrogen ion.
higher
lower
The _____ the pH the higher the acidity.
lower
Pure water has a pH of __.
The body has a pH of __.
1. 7
2. 7.4
pH is defined in terms of the _____ concentration
proton
BUFFERS SECTION
BUFFERS
Buffers consist of __ __ and its ___ or ___ ___ and its ___ & resist changes in ___ to maintain ___ _____ thus preventing ____ and ____.
1. weak acid and its salt
2. weak base and its salt
3. pH
4. pH balance
5. acidosis and alkalosis
The salt of the weak acid or weak base can also be called the _____.
conjugate
Changes in pH reflect ____ changes in ____.
1. exponential
2. H+
The simpliest way to both acid and base present is to use a ____ _____ ____
Conjugate acid-base pair
The chemical reaction that is used to calculate the ____ ____ or the chemical behavior of such buffer solutions is either the one that defines __, or the one that defines __.
1. equilibrium composition
2. Ka
3. Kb
Ka=
Dissociation constant of the weak acid
Kb=
Dissociation constant of the weak base
Water is a ____ buffer.
poor
When a buffer is at ______ the Ph will change very little when ___ or ___ are added
1. equilibrium
2. H+
3. OH-
When base OH- is added to a buffer at equilibrium the _____ ____ (___) in the buffer will release to make ____ until balance can be roughly restored with _____ parts of OH- and H+ in the solution
1. reserve acid (OH-)
2. water
3. equal
Addition of either to water greatly affects __. (Hence water is not a good buffer)
pH
Cells and organisms maintan a specific ___. This keeps biomolecules at optimal _____ state.
1. pH
2. ionic
pH is regulated by ______ buffers.
1.
2.
3.
biological
1. bicarbonate
2. phosphate
3. protein
_____, ______ and _____ are involved in maintenance of acid-base balance
1. lungs
2. kindeys
3. erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Homeostatic range for blood pH is ____-____
7.35-7.45
An increase or decrease by ______ unit can be fatal
one tenth (1/10)
pH dropping below 7.35 is termed _____
acidosis
pH above 7.45 is termed
alkalosis
Three homeostatic regulators of ___. They work sequentially
H+
The first to respond is the _____ _____ _____. It takes ___. It temporarily "ties up" excess ____ and ____.
1. Chemical Buffer System
2. <1 sec
3. acids and bases
CHEM buffer systems - 3 main systems:
1. carbonic acid - bicarbonate
2. phosphate (hydrogen phosphate - dihydrogen phosphate)
3. protein (hemoglobin, amino acid, plasma protein)
Respiratory mechanism is ___ to respond. It takes __ ___. Removes ____ and therefore ____.
1. second
2. 1-3 minutes
3. CO2 and therefore H2CO3
Renal Mechanism is ___ to respond but is most _____. It takes ____ to ____. Kidneys remove ____ ___.
1. 3rd
2. potent
3. hours to days
4. metabolic acids