The definition of "rhetoric
Use of words to persuade emotions or feelings.
The two reasons Aristotle thought it was important to study rhetoric
To avoid manipulation and encourage sufficient communication
The parts of the rhetorical triangle
ETHOS - speaker, LOGOS- message content, PATHOS- audience.
Factors a communicator should consider when approaching a rhetorical situation
Purpose (the goal), Stance (attitude), context, medium and design
Style
Combination of personal preference and proper expectation // sometimes it's necessary to break correctness and apply appropriateness// levels of formality ad tone are then influenced(appropriateness v. correctness, formality, and stance
Prewriting techniques (brainstorming, freewriting, looping, clustering, questioning). What are they and why use them?
- Helps to clarify and organize ideas & creates an outline before writingBrainstorming: write all possible ideas- ideas and phrases (everything)• Freewriting: writing nonstop for an amount of time, this is to generate lots of information (no edit no stop)• Looping: after freewriting, find the main theme and free write again, circle interesting topics/ideas, continue 4 or 5 times (no edit no stop)• Clustering: idea mapping, put the subject in the center of a paragraph, add ideas surrounding the topic in clusters• Questioning: Who, What, Where, When, Why, How
Narrative essay: what is it and what factors should you include/keep in mind?
Narrative writing is writing a storyMain Elements in Narrative writing:- Plot (beg. middle, end)-characters-dialog-climax-setting & descriptive detail-consistent POV (verb tenses)-SHOW DON'T TELL
The difference between revising, editing, and proofreading
-REVISING: Review, alter, amend// rework, organize story, major reconstruction//make sure every part of story serves a purpose// does this achieve your goal//-EDITING: strengthen paragraphs, add details, delete unnecessary thoughts-PROOFREADING: Final stage, check grammar, punctuation, formatting, spelling
Characteristics of report writing
A topic focused for a specific audience- Definitions of key terms- Trustworthy information- Appropriate organization and design- A confident, informative tone
The writing process —based on our class discussion, be able to list and describe the elements of this process
Exposure:- understand Assignment- understand the reason/cause of your paperDiscovery:- Prewriting- Informal Research- Narrow Topic- Stance/AudienceResearch:-understand topic better (reading, interviewing, ect)- Relevant/ reliable- take notes and track sourcesThesis:-statement that identifies topic and point-organized points of your paper (legs)Checkpoint: ?Organize:- outline- organize notecards-goal and direction of paperDraft:- write intro, body paragraphs, and conlusion with thesis close by-does not have to be in order at this pointRevise: Review, alter, amend// rework, organize story, major reconstruction//make sure every part of story serves a purpose// does this achieve your goal//EDITING: strengthen paragraphs, add details, delete unnecessary thoughtsProofread: Final stage, check grammar, punctuation, formatting, spelling
How do you assess the reliability of sources? Be able to discuss multiple factors.
1. .edu, .Org, .gov, instead of .com, .net2. Look for author, date (make sure current), and name3. Anything that has been peer-reviewed (?)
Review how to eliminate wordiness and redundancies (both from this week's class and earlier in the semester—phrases such as "due to the fact that" can be replaced with "because").
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Four types of analysis:
rhetorical-process (informational)- tell about how something is done without giving directions to actually do it. Process (instructional)-how to perform a processcausal- "cause-and-effect" / causes and consequences related to actions data (quantitative)-can be counted, measured, and expressed using numbers. -graphs/experiment ect Data (qualitative)-can be categorized based on traits and characteristics. -images/interview ect
Difference between connotation and denotation and examples
- Denotation: the direct definition of the word example- "Blue" (color), "Dog" (animal)- Connotation: the emotional feeling of the word example- "Blue" (sad), "Dog" (ugly)
Basic comma usage rules:
#NAME?
Logos, ethos, pathos (definitions and examples)
#NAME?
Logical Fallacies: hasty generalization, argument ad hominem, either/or fallacy, circular reasoning (begging the question), appeal to patriotism, platitude, post hoc (provide an example of each)
Hasty Generalization: rushing to a conclusion without all the factsEx: "Even though its only the first day, I can tell its going to be a boring course"Ad Hominem: Attacking the character of a person rather than the opinion/ argumentEx: " Green Peace's strategies aren't effective because they are all dirty lazy hippiesEither/Or: Oversimplifies argument by reducing it to only two sidesEx: We can either stop using cars or destroy the earthCircular Reasoning: Restates the argument rather than proving itEx: George Bush is a good commentator because he speak effectivelyAppeal to Patriotism: Appealing to feelings of patriotismsEx: Questioning our governments laws should not be okay, support United States.Platitude: Cliche terms or phraseEx: "were all gonna die someday"Post Hoc: After this, therefore because of thisEx: "I drank bottled water and now I am sick, so the water must have made me sick
Which v. That
That: Essential information to sentence, no commaWhich: Nonessential information, set off by commas, always in prepositional phrase