How many pounds (lbs) of salt will an average American need in their life?
33,193 lbs
Mining is the process or industry of obtaining ____________, _________, or coal from a mine.
minerals,ore
What is a mineral? You have to SNIF and C
S - ___solid________N - __naturally_________occurringI - Inorganic solidF - Fixed chemical compositionC - ____crystal_______structure
What minerals are valuable and economical to extract?
ore minerals
What minerals have no commercial value?
gange minerals
What minerals conduct electricity, have shiny surfaces, and are opaque?
metallic minerals Examples: gold and silver
What minerals tend to be good insulators, may have shiny or dull surfaces, and may allow light to pass through them?
nonmetallic minerals Examples: diamond and amethyst
Ore deposits that are found ________ beneath the surface are mined using subsurface mining methods.
50m+
__________ mining methods are used when ore deposits are located close to the surface.
surface
The ocean floor contains mineral resources.____________ and Magnesium
gold
It is _____________ to mine on land than underwater.
cheaper
What are impacts of mining?
Air and noise pollution, Water contamination, Displacement of wildlife, Erosion and sedimentation, Underground mine fires, and e-waste
problem: Mine runoff & erosion threatening water quality
regulation: the clean water act and the safe drinking water act
problem: Hazardous waste and pollution into the air, soil, and water
regulation: comprehensive response compensation liability act (CRCLA)
problem: Mining activity in the habitat of threatened or endangered species
regulation: endangered species act (ESA)
problem: Cutting corners on human and environmental safety saves $
regulation: State issues permits specify standards for design, safety, and reclamation.
problem: Mines go bankrupt or dissolve before closure & reclamation
regulation: Mining companies must also post a bond with funds that the state can use to pay for closure & reclamation.
problem: Asking the mines to self-assess and enforce policies means they may cut corners
regulation: State agencies are in charge of environmental and safety inspections
Reclamation is the process of returning land to its ____or better________________________ after mining is completed.
original,better
problem: reclamation is expensive and hard
regulation: (SMCRA) The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 = A set of standards that regulates surface coal mining on private and public land in order to minimize the surface effects of mining.
People in _______________ countries use ________________ energy than people in developing countries use.
developed,more
The US uses more energy _______________ than most other countries in the world.
twice
Nonrenewable energy resource = An energy source with a ___________ supply that cannot be regenerated naturally within ~_______ yrs after use
per person, 100 Examples:Fossil FuelsNuclear Fuel
Fossil Fuels are burned to produce warmth, which is used to ________________The water turns into steam, and the _______________________________________________ .The turbine turns an electrically conductive material within the magnetic field inside the ______________ ________________, which produces energy.
boil water, steam turns a turbine, electrical generator
he value of fossil fuels is determined by:
Cost, Availability, supply & demand, global politics, safety, energy content, and byproducts of the fuels use
Coal = A _______________ fuel formed primarily from the remains of ___________________________ ________________________________ materials preserved 280 million to 360 million years ago.
solid, trees ferns and other plant
Most ________________ and ________________ of fossil fuels
abundant,dirtiest
types of coal
lignite, bituminous, anthracite