UTI is most commonly caused by _________ ascending
E. coli
Signs and symptoms of _________ are frequency, burning, urgency, nocturia, hematuria, and suprapubic fullness; CVA tenderness, fever
UTI
Syphilis is caused by __________
Treponema pallidum
The primary stage of syphilis is within 10-90 days, marked bypresence of ______, a firm, ________ lesion
chancre, painless
Treatment for syphilis are ___________ but if left untreated, chancre heals in 1-5 weeks and disease progresses tosecondary stage; 3rd stage is terminal
antibiotics
HSV-2 in males have multiple, _______, painful _______ on tip or shaft of penis or perianal area within 3 to 5 days of initial exposure
blisterlike, vesicles
HSV-2 virus becomes dormant, resides in ____ _______and then repeated outbreaks occur _______
nerve ganglia, any time
Treatment for HSV-2?
Antivirals; not curable
HPV has _______ on penis, scrotum, groin, or thigh whichappear raised, ____, ___________-like
warts; pink, cauliflower
______________ are the only form of birth control known to decrease chance of contracting an STI BUTtheir use ____ ___ eliminate risk of infection
Latex condoms; does not
HPV vaccination available-Serial injections BEFOREsex, at age ____ , #2 in 6 months, #3 in one year
11
HSV-2 virus is contracted through _______
contact
Sign and symptoms of ________ in females are multiple blisterlike, painful vesicles erupt on the vulva, perineum, cervix, or perianal area within 3 to 5 days after the initial exposure
HSV-2
Signs and symptoms of ________ in females are many asymptomatic; warts in genital area, nares, mouth, larynx, conjunctiva; vaginal bleeding between periods; perlvic fullness
HPV
A _____________ is a bulging in the anterior vaginal wall caused by thickening of the pelvic musculature so, the bladder, covered by vaginal mucosa, prolapses into the vagina
cystocele
A ___________ is a bulging in the posterior vaginal wall caused by weakening of the pelvic musculature, so part of the rectum covered by the vaginal mucosa protrudes into the vagina
rectocele
______________ occurs when the uterus protrudes into the vagina
Uterine prolapse
Fibrocystic breast have presence of bilateral, multiple, often __________, benign breast nodules and fluid filled __________ which vary in size and blend into surrounding breast tissues
painful, cysts
fibrocystic breast disease is caused by ___________ and _____________
estrogen, progesterone
Fibrocystic breast disease can happen if you have a hx of spontaneous __________, shortened menstrual cycles,early __________, late menopause
abortion, menarche
Signs and symptoms of ___________ are cyclic premenstrual pain, increased tissue density, round, elastic, defined, tender, and mobile cysts
Fibrocystic Breast disease
Fibroadenoma has presence of 1 cm to 5 cm __________ that are lobular, ovoid, or round
lesions
Fibroadenoma may occur is ____________ breasts
one or both
Fibroadenoma lesions are firm, well defined, seldom tender, and usually ______________________
singular and mobile
____________ occurs more commonly between puberty and menopause
Fibroadenoma disease
Breast cancer has firm, hard , not defined ________ that may be ____ or mobile
masses, fixed
Breast cancer masses are not usually tender and usually occur after age ____
50
Breast cancer masses are most often found in the ___________________ of the breast and are usually unilateral with irregular, poorly delineated borders; immobile, and fixed to surrounding tissues
upper outer quadrant
Gynecomastia is typically _________
transient
Causes of Gynecomastia in newborns is due to __________
mothers hormones
Causes of Gynecomastia in puberty is due to ______________
hormone imbalances or medication, and alcohol, heroin, marijuana abuse
Causes of Gynecomastia in older men is due to pituitary or testicular tumors, some meds, or _________ due to naturally occurring _____________
cirrhosis, estrogens
Signs and symptoms of ____________ are unilateral or bilateral enlarged breast tissue in men
Gynecomastia
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic, progressive degenerative disease that affects the ________________ of the white matter of the brain and spinal cord
myelin sheath
Signs and symptoms of ____________ are Tingling and muscle cramping, unilateral or bilateral muscle weakness, tremor, ataxia, speech disorders, visual changes, and bowel and bladder dysfunction
multiple sclerosis
Meningitis is an infection of the meninges and typically __________
bacterial
Signs and symptoms of _____________ are headaches that became progressively worse to severe, vomiting, ALOC-disorientation, or delirium, photophobia high fever, chills, nuchal rigidity
Meningitis
Encephalitis is when the brain cerebral hemispheres, brainstem, or cerebellum is infected, typically _____, most commonly HSV-1
viral
Signs and symptoms of _____________ are acutely ill, ALOC-confused to coma, personality changes, seizure activity, neck stiffness, tumors, cranial nerve palsies, exaggerated DTRs, decreased sensation, and photophobia
encephalitis
A spinal cord injury is trauma causes injury to the spinal cord, followed by cord compression from bone fragments, hematoma, or material from the disks which leads to ____________
ischemia
Signs and symptoms of a ________ depend on the level of injury, numbness and paralysis from downthat level down: quadriplegia, paraplegia
spinal cord injury
A spinal cord injury can cause Autonomic dys/hyperreflexia: Urinary __________, constipation, paralytic ileus, _____________, hypothermia, and bradycardia
retention, hypotension
Seizures have a sudden discharge of ___________ activity in brain
electrical
Signs and symptoms of _________ range from tonic-clonic where pt falls, convulses and loses consciousness to a blank facial expression that may be accompanied by movements such as repeated blinking or rolling of the eyes, or lip smacking and minor myoclonus of the upper extremities or neck
seizures
What are the two causes for a cerebrovascular accident?
Thrombus or hemorrhage; either leads to ischemia
Signs and symptoms of a _______ CVA are paralyzed right side, impaired speech and language, slow performance, visual field deficits, depression, and impaired comprehension
left
Signs and symptoms of a ______ CVA are paralyzed left side, spacial-perceptual deficits, tends to minimize problems, short attention span, visual field deficits, impaired judgement, and impulsive
right
Alzheimer's have ____________ tangles, neuritic plaques, and amyloid angiopathy
neurofibrillary
Signs of symptoms of ________ are memory loss, irritability, impaired judgment, not able to recognize or remember how to use things, wandering, circular speech patterns, increased DTRs
alzheimer's
What are the 5 A's of Alzheimer's?
1. Amnesia2. Aphasia3. Agnosia4. Apraxia5. Anomia
A traumatic brain injury is a low or sudden jolt to head-trauma, typically caused by _______
trauma
Signs and symptoms of a ______________ are Pain, changes in memory, cognition, sensation, changes in motor function
traumatic brain injury
Parkinson's is a degeneration of ____________ producing neurons in substantia nigra in basal ganglia Lack of dopamine causes s/s
dopamine
Signs and symptoms of _________ are resting tremors of face, jaw, hands, arms, legs; bradykinesia; rigidity; postural instability (trunk forward flexion); shuffling gait; mask like face; weakness, finger pill-rolling tremor
parkinson's
Children fall and fracture ________; Adults fall and fracture hip or _____
clavicle, wrists
Fracture risks include ____________, family hx, use of corticosteroids, cigarette smoking, ______ DM, ETOH, and ________
osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis
Signs and symptoms of ______ are pain, malalignment, shortened or deformed limbs, swelling, muscle spasms, open wounds, blood loss
fractures
_____ shows fracture. Medical management is alignment (reduction) and fixation
X-ray
Be sure to assess _____ for fractures
CSM
A sprain is trauma to a ________ (up to and including torn ligament)
ligament
A strain is trauma to _________ from violent contraction or excessive/forcible stretch
muscles
Signs and symptoms of _______ are pain, heat, discoloration, and localized swelling in the affected area. Moderate to severe sprains are marked by joint laxity, reduced ROM, and limitation of function.
sprains and strains
Contractures is fibrosis of connective tissue in skin, _____, muscle, or a joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint
fascia
Signs and symptoms of ______ are decreased ROM; joint is "stuck" in position
contractures
Dislocation is a __________ separation of the bone from the articular surfaces of the joint
complete
Subluxation is a _______ displacement of the joint
partial
Signs and symptoms of a ________ are Pain, crepitus, inability to move the joint, change in length of extremity, instability, ecchymosis (common bruise)
dislocation
Osteoporosis has low ______ mass
bone
Osteoporosis is often __________
asymptomatic
A typical first sign of osteoporosis is __________ collapse on bending over and sudden lower ____ pain that radiates around the trunk;
vertebral, back
For osteoporosis inspect for curvature of spine "Dowager's ____"; Palpate vertebrae for pain to assess for osteoporotic fracture (most common between __ and __
hump, T8, L3
Osteoarthritis is ___________, noninflammatory, progressive disorder of movable joints that is associated with _____ and accumulated trauma
nonsystemic, aging
Signs and symptoms of ___________ are Deep, aching joint pain or "grading" joint pain during motion, following activity and relieved by rest; reduced mobility; deformities of distal interphalangeal joints-Heberden's and Bouchard's nodes
osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis is _______, progressive, _______ disease characterized by recurrent inflammation of connective tissue
chronic, systemic
Signs and symptoms of __________ are morning joint stiffness (pt needs to "limber up"), symmetrical joint pain with swelling, warmth, paresthesia of hands and feet; fatigue, malaise, low- grade fever, weight loss, anemia, anorexia; later: deformity, limited ROM, rheumatoid nodules
rheumatoid arthritis