Which ethical guideline would a scientist be breaking if they videotaped children, without asking their guardians, while the children were taking a test in class?
privacy
Betty took part in a study where she was told the purpose was to further examine perceptual cognitive processes. Once the study was over, however, the researcher explained to her that the study's real purpose was to assess automaticity of stereotypes. Thi
deception; debriefed
Confidentiality requires that:
access to collected data be limited to research staff
One of the ethical guidelines researchers abide by is ensuring __________, or agreeing that an individual's data should not be made public without consent from the individual.
confidentiality
Why is it beneficial for scientists to use systematic observation in order to acquire knowledge?
Observations provide the basic data that allow scientists to track, tally, or otherwise organize information about the natural world.
____________ is important to obtain before starting a research study to ensure people know they are involved in the study, what will happen in the study, and understand they can choose to stop participating at any time.
informed consent
Whether or not a given study has the possibility of causing harm to participants
must be determined by a review board established by the sponsoring institution
A researcher would like to determine the effect of caffeine on memory. Participants are randomly assigned to receive a caffeine pill or a sugar pill. Both groups complete a recall task that assesses their memory. However, even those who received the sugar
to help ensure that participant characteristics don't become confounding variables
An article headline claimed that "Drugs Cause Homelessness" due to a positive relationship found between homeless populations and drug use. Educated psychologists thought this might be flawed, because they thought unemployment was influencing both drug us
a third variable
Students who study for 7 hours over the course of a week will perform better than students who cram for 7 hours the night before the exam. The dependent variable in this hypothesis is:
exam performance
Researchers manipulate or control variables in order to conduct
A true experiment
The function of the myelin sheath is to
speed up the transmission of action potentials along the axon
Lisette is writing a paper for her psychology class and the topic is supposed to be the brain stem. Which of the following would be the best title for this paper
The Life Support Center of the Brain
Although Janay's brain makes up only about ____ percent of her total body weight, it uses about _____ percent of the total oxygen and calories she consumes. Janay's brain size and resource usage is similar to that of most human beings.
2% and 20%
Why are you limited to how much visual information you are able to process at any one given moment
The neurons in your visual cortex are wired in an inhibitory way.
What is the primary difference between transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)?
its NOT THIS ANSWER tDCS generates a brief electrical current in the brain by generating magnetic pulses.
The chlorine ions in the runner's nerves are moving from areas of high concentration to low concentration in a process known as _____________
diffusion
Max saw that his friend was approaching and he lifted his arm to wave at her. What type of neuron moved his hand?
motor neuron
Chlorine (Cl-) is what type of ion
anion : negatively charged ions
When two neurons are communicating, the presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters that travel across the synaptic cleft and attach to what type of receptor on the postsynaptic neuron
ionotropic
What cell provides nutritional and structural support to the neuron?
glia
Amygdala
A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression.
hypothalamus
A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.
Hippocampus
A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.
lymbic system
made of amygdala hippocampus, hypothalamus and pituitary gland
pituitary gland
pleasure and reward
left hemisphere of brain
The left hemisphere of the brain is responsible for control of the right side of the body, and is the more academic and logical side of the brain.
corpous callosum
a neural bridge that acts as a major communication link between the two hemispheres and allows them to function as a single unit
right hemisphere of brain
The right hemisphere of the brain is responsible for control of the left side of the body, and is the more artistic and creative side of the brain.
glial cells
cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons
motor cortex
an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements and tells body what to do "pet that dog
The frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobe make up the
cerebral cortex
A couple is on their honeymoon and Jass wants to have lots of sex. However, Imis wants to watch the Olympics. What impact could that have on their sex life?
If Imis's team wins; it could increase his testosterone and sexual motivation, if they lose it could decrease his testosterone and sexual motivation.
Imagine that you could bottle hormones into spray bottles, spray them on people, and they would immediately affect their behavior. Which hormone would you bottle to get people to like each other and bond with each other more easily?
oxytocin
What evidence exists showing that hormones directly impact aggressive behavior?
Male mice that are castrated and not treated with testosterone prior to their sixth day of life show low levels of aggression.
Why is the term "maternal instinct" misleading?
Instincts are supposed to be innate responses. However, without the appropriate hormones, new mothers will not nurture and protect their offspring.
Which of the following is true of hormonal communication but not neuronal communication?
Hormonal messages, but not neuronal ones, can travel anywhere in the body that receives blood.
Excessive cell phone use changes our _________.
-All of the above:
dopamine rewards, posture, neural activity
The overload described here effects which of the following? (technology use)
-all of the following:
working memory, attention, motivation
On the other hand, if we use technology mindfully and efficiently, we might be able to leverage it to actually increase our mental abilities, by reducing strain on our capacity-limited ____________.
memory
Electrode placement in which part of the brain results in the smoothest movement in a robotic arm?
postier paristal lobe
Hearing occurs, in part, when sound waves reach the "eardrum" or
tympanic membrane
Which of the following is the major difference between light and dark adaptation?
Dark adaptations happens when rods are bleached and need time to replenish.
Which of the following statements is true about taste?
...
Which of the following is the best definition of "Just Noticeable Differences"?
...
Sound quality can be divided into amplitude, timbre and pitch. Pitch is determined by the __________ of the sound waves.
frequency
Jenny's lips and fingertips are far more sensitive than her shoulders and ankles. This is an example of the way that her cortex is organized in a _______________.
Somatotopic Map
When Siobhan witnesses a car accident she senses both the sight of it and the loud sound of it. These combine to create her perception and this is an example of _____________.
Multimodal perception
Jose is walking toward Dan, who is standing still. As Dan watches Jose move toward him, a series of physical and perceptual events will occur. Which of the following is NOT one of those events?
Dan will consciously make the effort to calculate Jose's distance based on the size of the retinal image.
The importance of vision for humans is reflected in the
relative size of the visual cortex.
Lateral inhibition leads to which perceptual experience?
The edge of an object is enhanced.
Julie has sustained damage to the "what" system in her brain. She will likely have difficulty with which of the following tasks?
identifying a chair
Which of the following statements about the retina is FALSE?
The photoreceptors communicate directly with the ganglion cells.
Pain that we experience as "dull" and/or "aching" involves which of the following?
...
Anamorphic illusions are/were likely involved in _______.
all options
Which of the following receptor types transduces mechanical information into neural signals?
not thermo
Which of the following accurately describes pain?
not always unpleasant
Nociceptors are always activated by which of the following?
tissue damage
Which of the following are mechanoreceptors?
All of the other options are correct.
Pain that we experience as "dull" and/or "aching" involves which of the following?
All of the other options are correct.
Experiencing stimuli as color, in people with synesthesia is most likely _________.
unconscious and innate
According to Sacks, synesthesia was long thought to be more common in females than in males.
true
According to Sacks, which of the following are TRUE regarding synesthetes?
In synesthetes, associations between color and other stimuli are sometimes bidirectional. For example, in color/music synesthesia, music leads to the perception of color, and colors also lead to perception of music.
According to Sacks, judgment had been studied extensively by psychologists.
false
All music/color synesthetes are accomplished composers and/or musicians.
false
Which of the following stimuli are extremely difficult to render in a manner that avoids the uncanny valley effect?
head of hair
The uncanny valley effect is an important consideration for developers of _____________.
robots
Considering what you now know about the uncanny valley, the creepiness of which of the following creepy stimuli can be explained, at least in part, with this concept?
all of these options are correct
Potential explanations for the uncanny valley effect have involved __________.
not horror, not all
Considering what you now know about the uncanny valley, the creepiness of which of the following creepy stimuli can be explained, at least in part, with this concept?
dolls
Stimulation of photoreceptors in the retina is necessary for ____________.
...
Chemically, endogenous painkillers are most similar to which of the following?
opium
The placebo effect is _________.
inconsistent
Which of the following is the most accurate characterization of psychoactive drugs?
Foreign substances that take advantage of normal neural functioning to alter perception, cognition, and/or behavior.
The Placebo Effect" is most closely synonymous with _______,
deceiving
Based on the Placebo Radiolab episode, if humans were able to create a successful "placebo effect" in themselves, they would be able to _________.
all of the other options could become possible
Which of the following statements is most likely to be true?
when we see others in pain or experience emotional pain,
some brain areas associated with physical pain are active
If I grow to like a movie the more times I watch it, this would most easily be explained using which psychological phenomenon?
mere exposure
The fundamental attribution error occurs when _______________.
...
If I'm a french male, and I say "all women are overly emotional" or "all germans are uptight", I would most clearly be demonstrating _____________.
...
We all demonstrate effects of __________, although not necessarily ___________.
stereotypes, prejudice
Imagine you're against war. You take a job at a bomb factory. After you work there for a few years, you become pro-war. This demonstrates _________________,
cognitive dissonance
The prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib demonstrates _________.
...
Intrapersonal phenomena concerns which class of psychological phenomena?
phenomena that occur within an individual
Which groups would memory researchers likely say would be the most susceptible to misinformation?
children and older adults
Which of the following accurately reflects the influence of group discussion on recall accuracy?
When groups discuss an event, it reduces individual recall accuracy.
It is critical to use good interviewing techniques with eyewitnesses after an event because good interviewing techniques can:
enhance the quality and quantity of information obtained from an eyewitness
Imagine that you are a memory researcher and want to learn about memory errors. You decide to meet with participants and ask them about the time they went camping with their family (even though they have never camped in their lives). At first, the partici
false memory
Judge Martinez is presiding over a murder trial, and is getting ready to explain to the jury what their role will be as they hear the case. If he wants to reduce the problems associated with memory and the legal system, which of the following should he do
Give the jury proper education about eyewitness memory and testimony.
At what point in life does one begin to construct a narrative identity?
early adolescence
Which of the following is the BEST description of a person's sense of self?
It is "reflexive": People reflect on their own identities.
Which of the following actions from a child would exemplify having a sense of self as a social actor?
expressing emotions such as embarrassment, shame, guilt, and pride
A __________ narrative is a life story that affirms one's transformation from suffering to an elevated status or state.
redemptive
When considering the ways that people develop and communicate their senses of identity which of the following activities may be the most powerful form of self-transformation that human beings have ever invented.
storytelling
Which of the following can be influenced with placebo?
all options
Placebo can help alleviate symptoms associated with ________.
all options
Which of these is primarily behavioral?
discrimination
Which of the following is most closely associated with cognitive illusions?
not controlled cognitive or system 2
Which of the following contribute to self-stigma?
all the above
System 1 (or Type 1) thinking is __________.
automatic
_________ processes almost always require attention.
system 2
Driving involves ________ processing.
system 1, 2, and automatic
The "fast" of the two forms of thinking is _______.
not logical
Of the following, which is effected the least by limited processing capacity?
system 1
Which of the following can result from self-stigma?
all options
Free will" is closely associated with _________.
system 2
With increasing expertise, _______ decreases.
not system 2 control
Which of the following is necessary for stereotype threat to affect a person?
self-stigma
Stereotypes are necessary for which of the following?
stereotype threat
Patrick has sustained damage to his orbitofrontal cortex, but his twin brother, Ben, has not. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true about these two brothers?
Patrick will take more risks than Ben
Dual-process models state that people
have two ways of thinking: one is a fast and automatic process, whereas the other is slower but usually more accurate.
Which of the statements below would complete the following syllogism in a way to make it valid?: All busy people are stressed out. All professors are busy.
Therefore, all professors are stressed out.
If Tabitha believes that detective shows are more dramatic than hospital shows, then confirmation bias would make her more likely to do all of the following EXCEPT
have memory schemata that include more examples of dramatic hospital shows than dramatic detective shows
People tend to be more alert and responsive to evidence that supports their preexisting notions and beliefs than to evidence that challenges them. This effect is called
confirmation bias.
Which of the following is NOT a heuristic used in problem solving?
framing
Many of us overestimate our own popularity. This could be because we surround ourselves with people who like us, rather than with people who do not. Therefore, it is easier for us to think of the names of people who like us than it is to think of the name
the availability heuristic.
When we encounter a highly unusual event, we are particularly likely to notice and consider the event. As a consequence
NOT the event will be easy to recall, leading us to overestimate the likelihood of this type of event
maybe: the event will be easy to recall, leading us to overestimate the likelihood of this type of event.
Which of the following problems is well-defined?
Susan is trying to decide which route to take to the soccer game.
One plan for solving a problem would be to consider every possible option, searching for the best solution. This broad plan is
usually ruled out by the sheer number of states within the problem space
The constructive nature of memory is best captured in which of the following analogies?
memory as a storytelling
Which of the following does not draw on experimental evidence?
studies of memories inadvertently implanted by therapists
Which of the following are used in heuristic decision making?
stereotypes
Functional Fixedness is related to which of the following?
all options
Framing Effects can contribute to ________.
all the above
Heuristics are ecologically rational, and thus usually result in better decisions, in _________.
uncertain environments
System 1 (Type 1) thinking is ___________.
unconscious
System 2 (Type 2) thinking is ___________.
conscious
Serial position effects in memory, and The Anchoring Effect in decisions, are a result of _____ control of cognition.
system or type 1
Heuristics are ________.
often helpful
Which of the following are examples of heuristics?
base rate, anchoring, representativeness, availability
When buying stock, which stocks are your "winners" and "losers" is defined primarily by _________.
how much the stocks cost when you purchased them
Which of the following is an example of manipulating the trustworthiness of a speaker?
have the speaker present his/her message as educational or objective information
Which of the following contribute to better financial decision making?
all options
During a political debate, one candidate continually avoids questions about the details of his policies. Instead, he focuses on pointing out problems that he know worry people and reassures them with a warm smile that they will be "in good hands" if he is
peripheral
The ________ route to persuasion relies on superficial cues that have little to do with logic. It requires a target who is not thinking carefully about what you are saying.
peripheral
Oscar would like to go to a movie without supervision. To try and get what he wants, he starts by asking his mom if he can go on a trip to the Rollercoaster Park with just his friends. When his mom says no, like he predicted, he goes on to ask if he can a
door in the face
Specific, sometimes minute, aspects of a situation that activate fixed action patterns are called __________ features.
trigger
The "Anchoring Effect" refers to _________.
all options
Cognitive overload should lead to a greater influence from ___________.
peripheral route persuasion
This strategy aims to control decisional biases by making financial decision making more __________.
explicit
Decisional biases resulting from heuristics affect _______.
political behavior, financial planning behavior, consumer behavior
Which of the 6 shortcuts for effective persuasion can take advantage of either the central or peripheral route of persuasion?
all options
Attunement (Perspective taking) is most closely related to which of the constructs from the previous video?
liking
Clarity, as described here, is most closely related to which of the constructs from the previous video?
authority
Which of the following criteria do not characterize personality traits?
predictiveness of future behavior
What is the social-cognitive perspective?
the interaction between people's traits and their social context
___________ is the most commonly discussed topic among strangers getting to know one another.
music
Which of the following personality inventories is intended primarily to identify deviant personalities?
MMPI
Which of the following constructs is most closely related to learned helplessness?
NOT internal locus of control
This suggestion would best be characterized using which of the principles from the previous video?
attuenment
One challenge to the trait approach to personality is that traits may not be as stable across situations as we think they are. An explanation for this instability is that personality:
NOT: is not a stable characteristic of persons
Clint is a very confident person who tends to take charge when he has been assigned to a group task. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Clint likely score high in?
NOT:agreeableness
I think its conscientiousness
This suggestion takes advantage of which of the following principles from the first video in this assignment?
consistency
___________ is the desire to make significant accomplishments by mastering skills or meeting high standards.
Need for achievement
Wayne likes to travel to learn about new cultures. Whenever he returns from a trip he brings home a piece of art from that culture to add to his collection. Which of the Big 5 factors of personality would Wayne likely score high in?
penness
Walter Mischel was an important figure in the "person-situation debate" amongst psychologists. What was Mischel's side of the argument?
Traits are an illusion. People may not be consistent across situations and thus it would be fruitful to study the distinct reactions in specific situations.
On a neural level, the biggest difference between mental athletes and everyone else is that _________.
NOT all options
Which of the following refers to the hypothesis that memories fade or erode with the passage of time?
decay
What is the major difference between classical and operant conditioning and nonassociative learning?
Nonassociative learning involves a single stimulus and conditioning involves the pairing of two stimuli or a stimulus and a response.
Relaxed attention and not thinking best characterize mental states associated with ________________.
meditation
If attention is like a spotlight, then sustained attention (vigilance) is a ________ spotlight, while selective listening is a ________ spotlight.
broad, focused
When people are aware of stereotypes about their social group as it relates to scores on intelligence tests:
Fear may undermine their performance.
Zelda has a very bad day at work, and gets yelled at by her boss for something that she didn't even do wrong! When she gets home her kids are misbehaving, but before she yells at them she takes a deep breath and realizes that she is not mad at them. "I'm
understanding of emotion
If leaders of a country are primarily interested in creating the conditions necessary for their citizens to be highly creative, what should they do?
NOT They should create prizes that reward creative discoveries.
Interest is most closely associated with which of the following?
all options
Which of the following is the most accurate analogy for human memory?
a storyteller
Psychologist Edward Titchener was displeased with the general mission of the American Psychological Association, which led him to form a new professional association. What was it called?
The Society of Experimental Psychologists
Which of the following is true of the oxytocin system?
NOT all options
Which of the following are most closely associated with reward?
NOT lateral hypothalamus
Your goal this semester to earn a 98% in your psychology course. The library, your textbooks, and your desk are all examples of _______.
means
Dan Ariely explains his results from his investigation in rural Indian villages in terms of ___________.
NOT drive reduction theory
In the story of the school for special education in Nicaragua, the older generations of students were unable to demonstrate _________ in the false belief task.
In the story of the school for special education in Nicaragua, the older generations of students were unable to demonstrate _________ in the false belief task.
Which of the following is an example of how people in conversation tend to exhibit similar accents and rates of speech, often associated with people's social identity?
While Adam is a native English American speaker he uses an Australian accent when he speaks to his dad who is from Australia.
According to the social brain hypothesis, the human brain has evolved over many generations so that people can:
maintain larger ingroups.
Why is it beneficial for scientists to use systematic observation in order to acquire knowledge?
Observations provide the basic data that allow scientists to track, tally, or otherwise organize information about the natural world.
Whether or not a given study has the possibility of causing harm to participants:
must be determined by a review board established by the sponsoring institution
Operational definitions are encouraged in research in order to:
make terms used in a study as explicit as possible
Why is it beneficial for scientists to use systematic observation in order to acquire knowledge?
Observations provide the basic data that allow scientists to track, tally, or otherwise organize information about the natural world.
Whether or not a given study has the possibility of causing harm to participants:
must be determined by a review board established by the sponsoring institution
Operational definitions are encouraged in research in order to:
make terms used in a study as explicit as possible
Evidence reveals a correlation between the number of hours toddlers spend watching television and their level of hyperactivity in later childhood. What does this definitively indicate?
that there is a relationship between television viewing and hyperactivity
The famous case of Phineas Gage, a railroad worker who lived after a metal bar passed through his brain, offered insights about brain functions. Similarly, some researchers remove parts of the brain in animals to observe changes in behavior. These studies
lesions
Which of the following terms refers to a naming system; in this case, a common naming system that divides the brain into different recognized parts?
a nomenclature
The action potential in the chef's neuron was able to quickly travel from one node of Ranvier to the next so that she could move her arm away from the hot stove. What is this type of rapid transmission known as?
salutatory conduction
What type of signal directs the synaptic vesicles to release their neurotransmitters into the synapse?
electrical
What evidence suggests that male zebra finches (a type of bird) sing the most when their blood testosterone or estrogen concentrations are high?
Castrated birds sing less but will resume singing if they are treated with testosterone or estradiol.
Why is it inappropriate to refer to androgens as "male hormones" and estrogens as "female hormones"?
Testosterone is often converted to estradiol in nerve cells and behaviors typically considered to be masculine may be affected by estradiol.
Hallucinations associated with altered states of consciousness, such as drug and pathological states, are best described as ___________.
perception in the absence of sensation and any physical stimulus.
The sense of smell is sometimes referred to as a "chemical sense" because __________.
chemical stimuli are transformed into electrical signals
The primary visual cortex is located
at the part of the cortex that is farthest from the eyes.
Which of the following characteristics is NOT used to diagnose visual stimuli by neurons in the visual system?
Which of the following characteristics is NOT used to diagnose visual stimuli by neurons in the visual system?
The social touch hypothesis suggests that the sense of touch and _______ are functionally related?
NOT pain
Which of the following top-down sources of information help shape the experience of pain?
Not all options
Potential explanations for the uncanny valley effect have involved __________.
not ambiguity
Mesmer and other mesmerists eventually began to "magnetize" trees, and subsequently these magnetized trees were able to cure people of all the problems that mesmerists were able to help people with. Which of the following would most likely enhance the cur
The patient should be present when the tree is initially magnetized.
When an individual reflects on her sense of self as an embodied actor whose social performances may be construed in terms of more or less consistent self, upon which aspect of the self is she reflecting?
the "social actor
When considering the ways that people develop and communicate their senses of identity which of the following activities may be the most powerful form of self-transformation that human beings have ever invented.
storytelling
People who were part of the group planning the Bay of Pigs invasion were afraid to voice concern about the plan, to avoid lowering morale. They were most likely demonstrating ___________.
groupthink
If I find myself a group in which everyone shares my opinion that the Denver Broncos are the greatest team in sports.
After an hour of discussion, I'm convinced that they're actually the greatest team of all time. I may be demonstrating ________.
NOT group polarization
In a 1978 study by Loftus, Miller, & Burns, participants were asked what they saw during a slideshow depicting which of the following events?
a car driving and hitting a pedestrian
When you feel that you know the name of a famous actor-you can even imagine her face and think of movies she has starred in-but you cannot quite remember her name this is an example of the _____________ effect.
tip of the tongue
Heuristics are strategies that
sometimes risk error in order to gain efficiency
The four-card task provides an example of how
poor we are at reasoning about conditional statements.
I can easily think of the names of several dishonest politicians, so I'm certain there are a lot of dishonest politicians!" This is an example of a judgment relying on
the availability heuristic
When we encounter a highly unusual event, we are particularly likely to notice and consider the event. As a consequence
the event will be easy to recall, leading us to overestimate the likelihood of this type of event.
Uncritical trust in authority can lead to significant problems for several reasons. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
Authority figures quite often have hidden agendas that must be protected against.
Tracy enters a car dealership interested in buying a new car. Immediately she is greeted by a salesman offering her water or soda and a cookie. The salesman is likely relying on what social norm to help persuade Tracy to buy a car?
reciprocity
Introversion" and "Extroversion" are important constructs associated with which of the following theoretical characterizations of personality?
all options: The MBTI, The big 5, and psychodynamic theory
Renette has been trying to paint her bathroom for 3 weeks now, but she has made almost no progress. Every time she paints a wall, she uses a magnifying glass to ensure that the job is "perfect." If there is even the slightest imperfection, she will strip
obsessive-compulsive
Dr. Andorski is working with a client whom he believes suffers from a personality disorder, but the symptoms do not fall clearly within the diagnostic criteria of any of the ten personality disorders. According to DSM-5, which of the following would be th
He should diagnose the client with Unspecified Personality Disorder (UPD)
Extroverts have a greater affinity for _________ than Introverts.
thinking
Which of the following would be the most accurate term reflecting the opposite of conscientiousness?
disinhibition
Which of the following may be the most accurate way to view personality disorders?
as a pervasive pattern of thoughts and behaviors that interfere with functioning
Because people suffering from ego-syntonic personality disorders are comfortable with their selves, they rarely seek treatment for their conditions. Which of the following is one such condition?
schizoid personality disorder
How is the Psychopathy Checklist- Revised completed?
NOT People fill out self-report questionnaires.
Which of the following statements about the Antisocial Process Screening Device is correct?
The APSD is completed by parents or teachers.
Which youth tend to be tested for psychopathy and why?
Youth who have committed crimes or with conduct problems are tested to determine who is at the highest risk for greater conduct problems in the future.
What do people who receive high scores on the interpersonal-affective factor of the PCL-R tend to be like?
They tend to be narcissistic and low in fear.
What is "meanness" as described in the Triarchic model?
dominance and self-confidence
Which of the following personality distinctions is in part a result of genetic predisposition?
all
Which of the following personality distinctions is supported with at least some evidence for differences in neural activity or neural structure?
all
The construct of "personality" is most closely related to which of the following?
self
Unlike Freud (psychoanalytic theory), Gordon Allport (trait theory) emphasized ____________ to try to explain human behavior.
personal characteristics
Unlike psychoanalytic theory, trait theory emphasizes the influence of parameters in the ________ to explain human behavior.
present
Of the following, which are more closely associated with trait theory [Allport] than the other theoretical approaches to personality described in this video (Psychoanalytic [Freud], Psychodynamic [Freud's students], Social-Cognitive [Bandura], & Humanisti
minnesota & the big 5
Which of the following is detracts the most from the efficacy of the MBTI as compared to the "Big Five"?
relies on relatively small set of discrete personality types
People with antisocial personality disorder usually ________.
are aggressive
Cluster B personality disorders are associated with _________.
all options: bipolar, substance abuse, depression
Psychopathy and Sociopathy can be distinguished based on _________.
etiology
All psychopaths and sociopaths qualify for the DSM diagnosis of _________, although only a subset of people who qualify for that diagnosis also meet criteria for psychopathy or sociopathy.
antisocial pd
Ego-syntonic disorders are not associated with _________.
distress
Worried", "Fearful", and "Avoidant" are words used to summarize the characteristics included in which of the following clusters of personality disorders?
cluster C
Wild", "Dramatic", and "Impulsive" are words used to summarize the characteristics included in which of the following clusters of personality disorders?
cluster B
Weird", "Odd", and "Eccentric" are words used to summarize the characteristics in which of the following clusters of personality disorders?
Cluster A
This model is most similar to which of the following models of personality?
the big 5
Which of the following personality disorder clusters from the DSM was not covered in greater depth in either the second or third video in this assignment?
wild
Which of the following groups of psychologists would be most opposed to the assumptions and methodology of behavioral genetics?
NOT Gestalt psychologists
Which of the following examples would demonstrate the influence of nature on one's success?
a football player is born with the genes to be very tall, very fast, and quite muscular
Fitness in evolutionary psychology refers to:
reproductive success
While survival is important, it is only important if it contributes to reproductive success. These differences in heritable attributes are also known as _____________.
natural selection
Researchers have found that men generally are more likely than women to be willing to consent to sex with strangers and to require less emotional investment for sex to occur. From an evolutionary perspective this is likely because:
The investment cost of a pregnancy is much higher for a woman than a man.
The field of behavioral genetics, as described so far, relies primarily on ________ methodology.
statistical
Polygenic scores can be used to predict ___________, meaning that our genotype is associated with that phenotypic trait.
all options
The phenotypic trait that the Belyaev researchers used for selective breeding was _________.
behavioral
This new research focuses on which of the following levels of analysis?
genotypic
What makes the comparison between domesticated and wild foxes more useful for scientific and statistical investigation than the comparison between modern dogs and wolves?
all options
______ are the basic information that is passed along in DNA that tells cells and molecules how to "build" an organism and how that organism should behave.
genes
Lonnie needs to make a long business trip back to of Minnesota but is uncertain of when to leave. According to the weather report, there is a big storm starting that he may encounter. The cost of deciding to leave later will make him late for his meeting
error management theory
While survival is important, it is only important if it contributes to reproductive success. These differences in heritable attributes are also known as _____________.
natural selection
The experience of jealously leads heterosexual men to be more likely to protect their mates and guard against rivals, which increases their reproductive success. This statement is best reflected by which of the following psychological perspectives?
evolutionary psychology
When Marissa went skiing for the first time she felt confident she could handle the slow of the medium difficulty runs. When she rode the chair to the top, however, the slope appeared much steeper and she became worried. This is an example of:
visual descent illusion
Which of the following are potential therapeutic targets of epigenetic approaches that have not yet been achieved?
all options
The genome sequence is ______, whereas the epigenome is ______.
static, dynamic
Epigenetics" refers to the influence of _______ on _______.
phenotype, nature
One epigenetic mechanism that had been identified directly affects _________.
NOT the genetic sequence
There is evidence of epigenetic influences on which of the following biological functions?
NOT cell signaling
Adolescents drink more __________.
NOT all options
The risky behavior of adolescents are best explained with reference to ____________.
NOT all options
Which of the following cognitive functions are not fully developed in the adolescent brain?
NOT inhibition
Over the course of the lifespan of a given individual, adolescence is the time when ________ is highest.
reward sensitivity
Over the course of the lifespan of a given individual, adolescence is the time when ________ is highest.
...
Over the course of the lifespan of a given individual, adolescence is the time when ________ is highest.
riskiness
Activation of the Dopamine reward pathway, in the Nucleus Accumbens, by cute stimuli suggests that cuteness is _________.
addictive
Neoteny is associated with _____.
all options
Which of the following parts of "baby schema" are most similar to the Japanese concept of Kawaii, which was introduced in the previous video?
large head relative to body
The independent variable that is manipulated in this experiment was the _________.
cuteness of the baby
Which of the following is an example of a dimorphous expression?
all options
Who is most closely associated with the idea that the influences of experience can be passed to offspring?
lamarck
Which of the following refers to the mechanisms associated with the genetic transmission of information that was acquired through experience?
epigenetic
This definition of epigenetics is more _________ than the definition offered in the previous video.
focused on mechanism
Epigenetic mechanisms most directly influence which of the following?
gene expression
Experience can influence the phenotype of offspring through _______ mechanisms.
epigenetic
CRISPR operates most directly on __________.
genes
Which of the following is associated with the tendency of adolescents worry more about being cool that other age groups?
underdeveloped cognitive control network
The construct of "measured rebellion" is most similar to which of the following concepts from the first video?
ironic detachment
The construct of "rebellion" here results most directly from which of the following concepts from the second video?
habituation
The construct of "measured" here results most directly from which of the following concepts from the second video?
mere exposure effect
The false-belief test is used to evaluate children's ability to __________.
infer mental states of others
Which of the following cognitive tasks is the most complex?
recognizing intentionality
Which of the following cognitive &/or behavioral functions are impaired in individuals who are diagnosed with autism?
All of the other options are correct.
These type of neurons fire in a monkey's brain when he engages in an action or witnesses the same action
mirror neurons
Which of the following is an example of a social domain for which theory of mind is critical?
All of the other options are correct.
Which of the following is the best example of a measure of psychophysiology
NOT crying
Dana observes children on the playground. Every time one of them helps another she records notes. This is an example of a:
research method
One potential problem with researching skills is that people can improve on those skills each time they are tested. This is known as:
the practice effect
Researchers might expose a baby to an image of a face until they become bored and look away. And then present a new image to attract the baby's attention. This is a study of __________.
involuntary response
Which of the following best describes the purpose of Institutional Review Boards:
NOT they evaluate instructors to ensure high quality lectures and research
Julee's mom has noticed that her daughter has been especially good at resisting the cookies in the kitchen so she doesn't spoil her dinner each night. Julee knows if she can wait until after dinner she can eat two cookies. This successful experience of mo
effortful control
Peer relationships are an important part of children's social development. Peer acceptance is a source of affirmation and _____________ whereas peer rejection is a source of bullying and victimization.
self-esteem
Theory of __________ refers to a child's growing understanding of how another person's mental states can affect that person's behavior.
mind
Infants develop a confidence regarding the sensitivity and responsiveness of their caregivers. This security of attachment has been recognized as a cornerstone of social and personality development for which of the following reasons?
Knowing a child's attachment predicts his/her emotional intelligence, strength of friendships, and positivity of one's self-concept.
According to Baumrind, the __________ parenting style is marked by low expectations and control combined with low warmth and responsiveness.
NOT authoritarian
Adolescence is marked by ______ changes.
All of the other options are correct.
social, cognitive, physical
Marcia's stage model of development differs from Piaget's in its focus on ________.
all options
cognition, identity, childhood
Last year, Anna was an athlete at school, and mostly hung out with other athletes. This year, she's started hanging out with the theater kids. She can't decide what identity feels right to her. Anna is experiencing ______.
identity moratorium
In adolescence, parental monitoring becomes more ______.
NOT proximal
Which of the following change rapidly during early adolescence?
NOT All of the other options are correct.
Sheila believes she is more mature than when she was an adolescent, but is still not quite a full adult. This is known as __________.
NOT focusing on self
In Piaget's terms, this child is in the ______ stage of development.
preoperational
Based on his performance on these tasks, which of the following is this child most likely to be able to demonstrate?
object permanance
In economically developed Asian nations, how many romantic relationships has the average unmarried man in his mid-twenties had?
NOT 3 or 1
In economically developed nations fifty years ago, at what age did most men begin their full-time career?
NOT early teens
During what time period did emerging adulthood begin to develop as a life stage in industrialized countries?
the last 50 years
What is the name of the cultural system that emphasizes the duties that one has toward others?
collectivism
What is the name for education or training that occurs after the completion of high school?
tertiary education
It is 1966 and Mrs. Williams just had her first baby. How old is Mrs. Williams most likely to be?
21
People in their 20s in Asian countries may experience conflict between their culture's collectivism and which aspect of emerging adulthood?
NOT instability
Sally has had 4 major career changes in the last few years and moved 5 different times. What characteristic of emerging adulthood is Sally experiencing?
NOT feeling in between
In Europe and Asia, emerging adulthood is longer than in the United States due, in part, to the financial support of the emerging adults' __________.
governments
What do emerging adults do that, according to Erik Erikson, used to be part of adolescence?
explore their identity
In economically developing nations, what group in society is beginning to see an emerging adulthood life stage occur?
urban middle class
Emerging adulthood is characterized by possibilities, instability, self-focus, identity exploration, and ______________.
feeling in-between
In what nation would it be considered taboo for an emerging adult to cohabit with a romantic partner before marriage?
south korea
Which of the following would be sufficient evidence for a childhood behavior disorder diagnosis?
NOT hyperactivity
Which of the following are empirically supported school-based treatments for ADHD?
reinforcement and punishment
Which of the following may not meet the definition of a psychiatric disorder?
all options
Risks are associated with __________ stimulant medication.
all options
Which of the following are necessary to meet the definition of a childhood behavior disorder?
NOT all options
Which of the following is true regarding ADHD?
none of the options
only in children
only in adults
causes problems in school
Which of the following are among the treatments for childhood behavior disorders?
all options
behavioral treatements
parent management training
pharmacalogical treatments
Which of the following is sufficient for a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder?
none of the options
Which of the following are among the neural structures that are together classified as "the social brain"?
all options
fusiform gyrus (FG)
posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS)
orbital frontal cortex (OFC)
fMRI measures __________, whereas EEG measures ___________.
oxygen consumption, electricity
Which of the following is necessary for a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder?
NOT All of the other options are correct.
I think its impaired social functioning
People diagnosed with ASD sometimes suffer from impairment in _______.
NOT general cognitive ability
Unlike Piaget's stages, Kohlberg's stages focus on ________ development.
moral
Unlike Piaget's stages, Erikson's stages focus on ________ development.
psycho social
This helplessness is associated with which of the following concepts from a previous video assignment?
neoteny
The deficits exhibited by feral children demonstrate that human contact is necessary for the normal development of _________.
all options
The famous case of Genie Wiley provided evidence for _________ in ________ development.
all options
Danielle's case demonstrates the importance of human contact for normal _________ development.
all
It's important to be cautious when interpreting cases of feral children, such as Danielle Crockett and Genie Wiley, because feral children are generally often ________, which is also partially responsible for cognitive, behavioral, and emotional deficits.
abused
This helplessness is associated with which of the following concepts from a previous video assignment?
...
Both Charles Darwin and Paul Eckman suggested that many expressions of emotion are _________.
universal
Experiencing negative emotions can be beneficial, although unpleasant. Which of the following is the best example of the function of a negative emotion?
Negative emotions, such as worry, help motivate people to prepare for the future.
Awkwardness is a complex state that likely involves which of the following?
all options
subjective well-being is influenced by which of the following factors?
NOT citizenship
Examples of top-down causes of subjective well-being include:
personality, outlook, and resilience
Which of the following best describes the relation of money to subjective well-being?
Money can boost happiness, but it does not guarantee it, and can interfere with happiness if a person values money too much.
An example outcome of high subjective well-being includes:
a stronger immune system
What part do negative feelings play in subjective well-being?
Negative feelings are functional and should be experienced as appropriate but only some of the time.
Amy is very excited for the day of her wedding. On that day she experiences a spike in happiness and this feeling lasts for about a month. After that she returns to her "normal" levels of mood. What is this an example of?
adaptation
What standards do researchers measure life satisfaction by?
whatever standards the individual participant thinks are most important for a good life
Having sufficient social resources helps support individuals' subjective well-being. Which of the following is the best example of these resources?
having a friend you can turn to in times of need
Which of the following are similar, in evolutionary utility, to the basic, universal set of emotions?
pain, embarassment, awkwardness
When you drink spoiled milk or put a rancid piece of cheese in your mouth, you may spit it out before you have any cognitive awareness of why you are feeling disgusted. From an evolutionary perspective, this demonstrates which concept?
Emotions help us act with minimally conscious awareness
Emotions serve a cultural function. One such function is
to guide how people ought to feel in various situations
John is a Canadian having dinner with his friends from China. He openly shows both his enthusiasm and his anger about various topics as they speak. John notices that his friends smile and nod but that they do not display strong emotions. This is an exampl
cultural influence on emotion norms
When Christa gets angry, she gets motivated to become productive so that whatever is making her angry can be overcome. She also notices that whenever she is angry she gets very warm and starts to perspire excessively. These psychological and physical chan
intrapersonal
When she notices that her girlfriend, Ellana, seems particularly quiet, Bess starts gently asking her what is wrong. After a while Ellana shares that she is having some problems in their relationship and this leads to a very constructive conversation abou
signal value
Cynthia smiles when her friend tells her a joke. She also smiles when her boss gives her criticism. Even though Cynthia might not actually be feeling happy, she knows the _______ rules of her work environment. In other words, she knows when emotions are a
display
Studies of emotional responding tend to focus on three facets of emotional response. Which of the following includes one example of each of those three facets?
Physiological: how fast one's heart beats; Experiential: whether one reports feeling happy; Behavioral emotion display: whether one is smiling
Temperamental factors have a more powerful influence on ____________.
actual affect
Today in class, your professor handed back your tests and to your excitement, you earned a perfect score! Unfortunately, your best friend, who is also in the class, failed the exam. If you are from ______, you are more likely to also feel a degree of worr
east asia
According to the affect valuation theory, __________ factors shape how a person ideally wants to feel, while __________ factors shape how a person actually feels.
cultural, temperamental
began dating, people would talk
matching
Self consciousness is in part a result of _________.
all options
When Myrl and Becca began dating, people would talk about them quietly behind their backs. The conversations centered around the fact that Becca was judged to be highly attractive while most people thought that Myrl was relatively plain-looking. In this i
matching
Why does proximity seem to promote relationships between people?
Because proximity promotes familiarity.
In the model of Robert Sternberg, what kind of love is marked by passion, commitment, and intimacy all at the same time?
consummate love
Martin has been trying very hard to be friendly with Jeannie, but she just seems distant to him. Although he's never done anything wrong to her, he finds that he no longer has an interest in being friends with her. It appears that the lack of ________ fro
reciprocity
Caring, closeness, and emotional support are all parts of the ________ component of love.
intimacy
This video, summarizing Adam Anderson's theory of facial expressions of emotion is that the primary purpose of the universal set of basic emotional expressions is ________.
changing sensory and ...
Which of the following is not a synonym for "wanting", in the context of affective neuroscience?
NOT Nbehavioral activation
Which of the following neuroscience methods are not possible in humans, because of ethical considerations?
all options
Which of the following neural structures/areas is/are part of the "desire system"?
NOT amygdala
Which of the following are involved in the experience of "liking"?
all options... pleasure, orbitofrontal cortex,
nucleus accumbens
Which of the following are examples of organisms?
all options
This is an example of which of the following concepts from previous course content?
all options
Paradise Engineering" may be doomed to fail because it ignores ________.
the evolutionary .....
Unlike sadness or melancholy, depression is not _________.
transient
________ is the neurotransmitter most commonly associated depression?
dopamine
Serotonin improves depressive symptoms most directly by promoting ________.
creation of new neural connections
The beneficial effects of both ketamine and psilocybin for depressive symptoms are likely due, at least in part, to ____________.
creation of new neural connections
In China, 4700 years ago, mental illness was thought to be caused by an imbalance of _______.
yin and yang
Bella's doctor treats her mental illness by asking her to recall and relive traumatic events from childhood. This treatment is known as the ________ method?
NOT biopsychosocial method
In Europe and the US in the 19th century, proposed causes of mental illness fell into which two categories?
psychogenic and somatogenic
Marco's doctor believes mental illness is due to a chemical imbalance in the brain. How will she most likely treat Marco's depression?
NOT electroshock therapy
In the year 1800 in Europe, Bill was experiencing hysteria: he had become blind, but he had no physical reason to be so. His doctor diagnosed him with an imbalance in his magnetic fluid. How was Bill most likely treated?
mesmerism
Freud treated patients with hypnosis and psychoanalysis because he believed that mental illness was ________.
psychogenic
Dr. Flynn, a present day psychiatrist, uses the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Ed. (DSM-5) to
diagnose mental illness
Today, mental illness is often treated with psychotherapy and medication. These treatments reflect what two categories of causes of mental illness?
NOT psychogenic and psychoanalysis
Pinel and Pussin revolutionized the living conditions of people with mental illness in an approach known as ___________.
traitement moral
What is the most common type of delusion experienced by people with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder?
persecutory delusions
Christopher has the idea that a secret government organization is hunting him. His belief is hard to change even in the presence of conflicting information. This is an example of a _________.
delusion
Parisa has schizophrenia and regularly experiences hallucinations. According to the research, which type of hallucination is most common in people who have schizophrenia?
NOT olfactory
Which of the following symptoms of schizophrenia are classified as "cognitive"?
memory impairment
Which of the following symptoms of schizophrenia are classified as "negative"?
flat effect
Which of the following are points of evidence that D2 dopamine receptors are not the only neural difference associated with schizophrenia?
all options
Which of the following is one way in which delusions differ from normal, everyday thought processes?
Delusions are hard to change even in the face of conflicting information.
Leanora recently found out that she had been awarded a scholarship to the graduate school that was first on her list. Upon receiving the news, she did not smile or show any emotion, and just said, "well that's good," sighed, and walked away. This lack of
flat affect
In Powell (1998), which of the following symptoms of schizophrenia are described?
disorganized thought
In Powell (1998), which of the following symptoms of schizophrenia are described?
all
In Powell (1998), which of the following problems associated with schizophrenia are described?
all
In Weiner (2003), the delusions involving being the only person who could decipher codes in text and conversation is a _________ of schizophrenia.
NOT negative symptom
In Bayley (1996), the author suggests that _________ is an important but neglected part of treating schizophrenia.
NOT psychotherapy
The doctor wanted to know how many people in the US had a particular disease. This is known as the disease's _________.
prevalence
In the general population, what is the prevalence of dissociative disorders?
1-3%
According to the Post-Traumatic Model of dissociation, all individuals with dissociative diseases must have had what at some point in their lives?
a significant traumatic experience
Almost immediately after falling asleep, Cristina could not move. Then, she started hallucinating that someone evil was in her bedroom. Cristina is experiencing _______.
sleep paralysis
Traumatic events may lead to a loss of memory known as __________.
amnesia
Which of the following is true of schizophrenia?
its treatable
Which of the following is true of schizophrenics?
none of the options
Which of the following are potential symptoms of bipolar disorder?
all except hallucinations
Patients diagnosed with _______ experience full mania.
bipolar 1
This patient demonstrates which of the following characteristics of a manic state?
all options
Which of the following characteristics of manic states does this patient exhibit here?
distractibility
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is associated with which of the following?
all options
Which of the following symptoms of mania does this patient exhibit?
all options
When Herschel Walker was successfully playing in the NFL, if his interpersonal functioning was unimpaired, he would not have qualified for a disorder under DSM V criteria, despite his other symptoms.
true
This fMRI investigation of DID shows changes in neural activity in the hippocampus, which you already know is associated with memory. These investigators found evidence of differences in neural activity __________.
during the switch between personalities
This EEG investigation found evidence of differences in neural activity __________.
none
Individuals suffering from social anxiety disorder (SAD) are less likely to feel what emotion than people without SAD?
calm
Patrick is terrified of spiders. His therapist has him imagine seeing a spider; touch a picture of a spider; and, later, actually hold a spider. Patrick's therapist is using
exposure therapy
Excessive anticipation and fear about being in a situation with other people is known as ___________.
social anxiety disorder
Which of the following is not a dissociative disorder?
schitzo
How will a person with social anxiety disorder respond to praise?
NOT by becoming angry
Anxiety and fear both may have symptoms that are behavioral, emotional, and
Not social
Before making a phone call, Noah practices what he wants to say so that he doesn't embarrass himself. This preparation is one type of __________.
NOT anticipatory action
The process of responding to situations by managing feelings appropriately is known as ______.
emotion regulation
Filipe is worried about an upcoming work presentation. If he has regular levels of anxiety about the situation, when is his anxiety most likely to peak?
right before the presentation
Gina suffers from social anxiety disorder, but she has to give a presentation to a large class of university students. When she looks into the crowd, what does she most likely see first?
angry faces
Which term refers to the tendency to think that a "bad" thought is equal to a "bad" action?
thought-action fusion
Cory has an intense fear of flying and endures flights with extreme distress. Although she knows her fear is irrational, it is overwhelming and uncontrollable. Cory most likely suffers from:
specific phobia
Anxiety disorders are thought to emerge from "triple vulnerabilities." Which of the following is NOT an example of one of those vulnerabilities?
Zoe's small physical build makes her predisposed to feel the world is overwhelming leading to anxiety.
In addition to experiencing panic attacks, which of the following is a criteria for a person to be diagnosed with panic disorder?
NOT embracing internal bodily or somatic cues
Which of the following is/are behavioral patterns that can be present in OCD?
all
Which theory proposes that stressors which disrupt daily routines can trigger relapses in mood disorders?
social zeitgeber theory
For the previous six weeks or so, Carlton's co-workers have noticed that he has seemed very sad much of the time. He has also stopped going to team lunches and stays in his office on his own far more than usual. However, in the last few days, he has seeme
bipolar disorder
Stuart loves to play golf. He typically plays 2 or 3 times a week. Lately, he has been feeling down and has lost interest in the game, and has asked his friends to find someone to play in his place. This loss of interest and pleasure in an activity that S
anhedonia
Russell has been suffering from the symptoms of a major depressive episode for the past three weeks, and his symptoms have included both hallucinations and delusions. Which specifier would be added to his diagnosis of a major depressive episode?
psychotic features
The earliest anti-depressant medications were __________.
monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
Which of the following terms refers to the process through which a drug can increase the enzymes produced by the liver?
enzyme induction
Mr. Shannon suffers from Parkinson's disease and his symptoms have been getting progressively worse. His neurologist suggests that he begin taking ________, a medication that will increase synthesis of a specific neurotransmitter in his brain.
...
__________ are chemicals produced by a neuron that are used for communication with another neuron.
Neurotransmitters
The action of an antagonistic neurotransmitter can be most accurately compared to a(n) ___________.
NOT electric wire
Psychopharmacology can best be defined as:
the study of how drugs affect the brain and behavior
Psychodynamic therapy has largely replaced psychoanalysis. Which of the following is a characteristic of psychodynamic therapy that distinguishes it from psychoanalysis?
Psychodynamic therapy looks at client problems while paying attention to the context of her social life.
Which of the following is a disadvantage associated with psychoanalysis?
there is a lack of empirical support for its effectiveness
The main disadvantage to person-centered therapy is that the treatment is primarily based on unspecific treatment factors such as _________________________, without considering specific treatment factors to directly target the mental problem.
client centered therapy
Which of the following techniques are associated with psychoanalysis?
free association
The main disadvantage to person-centered therapy is that the treatment is primarily based on unspecific treatment factors such as _________________________, without considering specific treatment factors to directly target the mental problem.
establishing a good relationship with the patient
Which of the following forms of mental health assistance address the stigma surrounding mental illness?
not psychoanalysis
Which of the following forms of mental health assistance could help make the unconscious conscious?
not cognitive behavioral therapy`
Which of the following can involve dissociative symptoms?
k holes
DMT may interact with __________.
All of the other options are correct.
_______ is the neurotransmitter most closely associated with the activity of DMT.
serotonin
In one study, meditation resulted in growth of which of the following neural areas?
insula
Which of the following are important for getting more people help for depression and mental illness more generally?
all options
Depression differs from sadness, melancholy, or just "being depressed", because it is not ___________.
transient
Which of the following was once called "multiple personality disorder (MPD)
DID
Moods differ from emotions in that they are __________.
traits
Depression is __________.
all
In the preceding analogy, "software" refers to ____________.
genetic predisposition