acids _______ H; proton ______
releasedonor
acid/base strength determined by
how acid/base react in water
bases _______ H; proton _____
acceptrecipient
HCL example of
strong acidrapidly and completely dissociates
H2CO3 example of
weak aciddoesnt fully dissociate or release large amts of H
OH example of
strong basereacts rapidly and strongly w/ H; removing H quickly from solution
HCO3 example of
weak basereacts slowly and more reversibly
pH is __________ related to the H+ concentration.
inversely
Kassirer-Bleich equation
how 2 major substances alter pH
CO2 works as _______ and has a _____ correlation w/ H
aciddirect
HCO3 works as _______ and has ______ correlation w/ H
baseinverse
regulate pH fastest
chemical buffer system
bicarb buffer system occurs in _______ and involves.......
plasma (extracellular)carbonic acid (weak acid) - donates H to plasma during alkalosisbicarb (weak base) - binds w/ H during acidosis
bicarb buffer system dependent on regulation of ______
CO2 and HCO3 (lungs and kidneys)
albumin buffer system occurs in ______ and involves....
plasma (extracellular)carboxyl group (acts as acid during alkalosis)amino group (act as base during acidosis)
for intracellular buffer process to work,
H has to be able to shift in and out of cells (frequently exchanges w/ K)
in alkalosis, H moves ________ and K moves _______
out of cellinto cell
in acidosis, H moves ______and K moves ______
into cellout of cell
metabolic alkalosis can have coexisting _______
hypokalemiadont want to correct K
metabolic acidosis can have coexisting
hyperkalemianeed to treat increased K
most powerful intracellular buffer system
hemoglobin
hgb buffer system mainly effects/treats
respiratory acidosis and metabolic alkalosis
hgb buffer in respiratory acidosis (high CO2)
CO2 moves into RBC --> reaction to form H and HCO3 --> HCO3 moves out, H binds to globin
hgb buffer in metabolic alkalosis (low CO2)
H released from globin --> HCO3 moves into cell --> reaction for form CO2 and H2O --> CO2 moves into plasma
major anion in intracellular fluid, imporotant regulator of pH in cytosol
phosphate
HPO4 acts as
weak base
H2PO4 acts as
weak acid
chemoreceptors most helpful in ______ causing ______
sensing acidosis (esp respiriatory acidosis)RR increases, more CO2 exhaled (less CO2 available for H production)
for every H secreted,
a HCO3 and Na reabsorbed
majority of HCO3 reabsorption occurs in
proximal convoluted tubule
in order for HCO3 to be reabsorbed,
HCO3 + H --> CO2 + H2OCO2 diffuses into renal tubule cells from filtrate & becomes HCO3 and HH secreted into filtrate by Na-H antiportHCO3 into plasma
Type A intercalated cells
correct acidosis CO2 into tubular cells (NO REABSORPTION from filtrate) --> H + new HCO3HCO3 antiport w/ Cl to move into plasmaH into filtrate by H pump (ATP)new HCO3 absorbed, H secreted
Type B intercalated cells
correct alkalosisCO2 into tubular cell --> H + new HCO3HCO3 antiport w/ Cl into filtrateH into plasma by H pump (ATP)new HCO3 secreted, H reabosorbed
expected compensatory mechanism for metabolic acidosis
increased RR (lower CO2) and acidic urine
Base Excess (BE)
-2 to +2 mEq/Ltells how bad situation isreflects changes in metabolicmore negative = more acidic the samplemore positive = more basic the sample
Lactate
should be <1.5increased indicative of anaerobic metabolismcontributes to acidosis