Quality
The degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfill requirements. The requirements may be stated or implied
Total Quality. Management TQM
Focuses on the process versus product, everyone is responsible for quality. Includes statistical process control
Continuous Improvement
Kaizen, small changes in products and services
Just in Time
Inventory kept at zero forces focus on quality due to no excess inventory
ISO 9000
Part of international organizations for standardization ensures organizations follows their process
Statistical Independence
When the outcomes of two processes are not linked
Mutually Exclusive
Statistical term: Once chose excludes the other
Standard Deviation
Statistical term to describe how data is organized. May be used to set quality levels or control limits to validate if a process is in control.
Six Sigma
Focus on achieving high quality by reducing defects. The overwhelming majority of the bell curve falls within quality limits. IE 6 standard deviations are within customers quality limits. Focuses on reducing human error and outside influences.
Attribute Sampling vs Variable Sampling
Attribute is Binary either it conforms or it does not. Variable Sampling measures how close it conforms. Example - pharmaceutical - attribute s. would define tolerances, batch is tested either pass/fail. Variable would rate batch on a continous scale that
Special Causes vs. Common Causes
Special causes are unusual and considered preventable, common causes are considered normal and are generally accepted.
Tolerance vs. Control Limits
Tolerance deals with limits your projects sets for acceptance. Control limits are more complex, are generally set at 3 standard deviations above and below the mean.
Control Charts
Part of statistical process control. It is one way of depicting variations and determining whether or not the process is in control. They graph the results. The mean is a line drawn through the middle. The upper and lower limits are three standard deviati
Benchmarking
Projects quality standards are compared to those of other projects that serves as a comparison
Statistical sampling
Random sample is selected instead of measuring the entire population
Flow charting
Show how various components relate in a system
Quality Metrics
Specifically define how quality metrics will be measured
Histogram
Another word for a column chart
Pareto Chart
Column chart showing defects ranked from greatest to least. Focuses on the 80/20 rule that 80% of defects come from 20% of causes
Prevention vs Inspection
Preventions is about keeping defects from occurring. Inspection is about catching errors that have occurred before they impact others
Processes - Quality Management
Plan Quality Management
Performance Quality Assurance
Perform Quality Control
Tools - Plan Quality Management
� Cost benefit analysis
� Cost of quality
� Control charts
� Benchmarking
� Statistical sampling
� flowcharting
Tools - Perform Quality Control
� Cause effect diagrams
� Control Chart
� Flowcharting
� Pareto Chart
� Statistical sampling
� inspection
Input - Perform Quality Control
� Quality Metrics
� Quality Checklist
� Work Performance Measurements
� Approved change requests
� Deliverables
Input - Perform Quality Assurance
� Quality Metrics
� Work performance information
� Quality Control Measurements
Perform Quality Control
Process which looks at specific results to determine if they conform to requirements
Perform Quality Assurance
Process is primarily about process improvement, it is not about inspecting or measuring defects.