chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule
carbon skeleton
specific group of atoms most commonly involved in chemical reactions and responsible for most of the characteristic chemical properties and many of the physical properties of a particular organic compound
functional groups
the study of interactions between atoms and molecules
chemistry
the smallest unit of matter that enters into chemical reactions
atom
2 or more atoms, joined together
molecules
a combination of 2 or more different types of atoms
compounds
negatively charged particles located outside the nucleus of an atom
electrons
positively charged particles located in the nucleus of an atom
protons
uncharged / oppositely charged particles located in the nucleus of an atom
neutrons
bonds that hold the subatomic bonds of the nucleus of an atom together
nuclear bonds
the number of protons
the element number is equal to _______
electrons, an atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons; it is determined by the number of electrons
ion
one of two or more atoms with the same atomic number but with different numbers of neutrons
isotope
compounds with the same chemical formula but different structures or arrangements
isomer
clouds of electrons located outside the nucleus of an atom
electrons shells
List the subatomic particles
neutrons, protons & electrons
Which elements make up the majority of living organisms?
Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
(C-O-H-N)
The number of electrons found in the outer-most shell of an atom
valence electrons
What is the capacity of the following electron shells? L1, L2, L3, L4
L1 = 2
L2 = 8
L3 = 8
L4 = 16
How is atomic weight calculated?
Number of protons plus the number of neutrons
(P+N)
What is meant by Bond Angles?
describes the shape of a compound or atom
What is meant by Volume when referring to atomic particles?
the distance an electron is from its nucleus
How does carbon-14 differ from carbon-12?
What is the atomic number of each carbon atom?
What is the atomic weight of each?
These are isotopes, which have varied numbers of neutrons around their nuclei. They will always have the same number of protons (6) Carbon-14 has 8 neutrons (=14 - 6); carbon-12 has 6 neutrons.
Carbon-14 atomic number (or proton number) is 6; same for Car
a positively or negatively charged atom
ion
This is force of attraction between atoms based on opposite charges
ionic bonds
a positively charged ion
cation
a negatively charged ion
anion
very weak bonds; occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to the electrostatic atom in another molecule
hydrogen bonds
a chemical bond formed when electrons are shared between atoms
covalent bonds
the sum of the weights of all the atoms in a molecule
molecular weight
a unit of measurement used in laboratories, describes the molecular weight of a substance expressed in grams
mole
1 mole H2O
H = 1
O = 16
[(2x1) + 16] = 18 grams
what is the weight of one mole of water?
What type of reaction is this?
A + B ----> AB
synthesis reaction or condensation reactions
What type of reaction is this?
AB -----> A + B
decomposition reaction
pathways of synthesis reactions in living organisms,
for example the combining of sugar molecules to form starch; and amino acids to form proteins
("make things bigger")
anabolic reactions or anabolism
pathways of breaking down or decomposition reactions in living organisms,
for example the use of sucrose in the body involves breaking it down into simpler sugars (glucose & fructose)
("break things down")
catabolic reactions or catabolism
What type of reaction is this?
AB + CD ---> AD + BC
exchange reaction
What type of reaction is this?
HClO + Na2SO3 ----> Na2SO4 + HCl
exchange reaction
What are the properties of water that are important to living systems?
1. Can form 4 hydrogen bonds
2. Excellent Solvent
3. Reactant or Product in many reactions
4. Temperature Buffer
What is meant by "the polarity of water makes it cohesive"?
water is a polar molecule, this property results in a strong attraction between water molecules.
What is meant by "the polarity of water makes it an excellent solvent"?
the negative pole of the water molecule is attracted to the positive pole of other molecules (solutes) and the positive pole is attracted to the negative pole of those same solutes.
This means that substances held together by ionic bonds will tend to diss
What is meant by "water is a reactant or product in many chemical reactions"?
Its polarity facilitates the splitting and rejoining of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-).
What is meant by "water is an excellent temperature buffer"?
the polarity of water gives it relatively strong hydrogen bonds, requiring a great deal of heat to increase its temperature and a great loss of heat to decrease the temp.
On what type of scale is pH expressed?
reverse logarithmic
-10log[H+]
compounds that help keep the pH from drastically changing
buffer
substances that when dissociated, will give off many H+ ions
acids
substances that when dissociated, will give off many OH- ions
bases
compounds contain carbon and hydrogen
organic compounds
reactions allowing for life; a state of change
metabolism
why are synthesis reactions also called "condensation reactions"?
they usually include H2O as one of their products
why are decomposition reactions also called "hydrolysis reactions"?
they usually require water to occur
reactions that absorb energy
endergonic reactions
reactions that release energy
exergonic reactions
Which of the following is an endergonic and an exergonic reaction?
a) anabolism
b) catabolism
a) anabolism is an endergonic reaction
b) catabolism is an exergonic reaction
a monomer becomes a polymer via __________
or fill in the blank
monomer __________> polymer
dehydration synthesis
True/False: Enzymes are catalysts
True
What is the basic action of enzymes?
Makes a reaction energetically favorable
reactions that require water to occur, "burn up" water in the process, water will dissociate into H+ and OH-
hydrolysis reaction
what does the abbreviation pH stand for?
Potential (power) of Hydrogen
substances that dissociate in water into cations and anions, neither of which are H+ or OH-
salts
the chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule
carbon skeleton
the group of elements attached to the carbon skeleton in an organic molecule that is primarily responsible for the chemical properties of that compound
functional group
alcohol
alcohol
aldehyde
aldehyde
ketone
ketone
methyl
methyl
amino
amino
ester
ester
ether
ether
sulfhydryl
sulfhydryl
carboxyl
carboxyl
phosphate
phosphate
A) dehydration synthesis
B) hydrolysis
Label A & B
the large and diverse group of organic compounds that include sugars and starches;
contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (hydrogen and oxygen are in a 2:1 ratio)
carbohydrates
the primary function of carbohydrates is ____
energy
these fats provide the structure of cell membranes and provide some energy storage; they are water insoluble
lipids
chemicals containing 4 interconnected carbon rings, act to separate fatty acid chains and prevent packing that would harden plasma membranes at low temperatures
steroids
organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen (and somtimes sulfur); they are the essential ingredient to cell structure and function
proteins
the building blocks of proteins
amino acids
these bonds are formed through hydration synthesis, and allow for amino acids to link together
peptide bonds
the ___ structure of proteins details the sequence of amino acids
primary
the ___ structure of proteins details the shape (helices or pleats)
secondary
the ___ structure of proteins details the overall 3-D structure of a polypeptide
tertiary
the ___ structure of proteins details the shape of 2 or more polypeptide chains in their folded shape
quaternary
DNA and RNA are ___ acids
nucleic
what are the nitrogen bases of DNA and RNA?
DNA: A, T, C, G
RNA: A, U, C, G
the energy currency; stores chemical energy for various cellular activities
ATP
Lab Question:
Explain the purpose of doing a slant subculture.
a subculture is a sample of the culture taken from an isolated colony transferred and grown in its own separate container. this allows for easier study and organization of bacterial isolates; also allows you to continue to use the original culture for mul
Lab Question:
What is the importance of generated isolated bacterial colonies?
to separate a single microbe from a mixed population of bacteria in order to grow a colony of that single bacteria. This allows for the study of causative agents of disease in isolation.