Name the basic characteristics of all animals
multicellular, heterotrophic, no cell wall, mobility and sexual reproduction(fertilization may be internal or external)
In sexual reproduction for animals, fertilization may be _____ or ______.
internal; external
What are cells organized into?
tissues
What do tissues form?
organs and organ systems
the stage of an embryo before specialization
blastula
A characteristic of animals is _________ formation.
blastula
has 3 germ(tissue) layers
gastrula
another word for tissue
germ
What are the 3 germ layers of the gastrula?
ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
germ layer of skin, nervous system and sense organs
ectoderm
germ layer of digestive tract, bladder, glands
endoderm
germ layer of skeleton and muscles
mesoderm
What are animals classified by?
degree of specialization, type of symmetry and number of tissue layers
What are the two types of symmetry animals can have? Explain what each is and give an example
radial- branches in all directions-> example: anemone; bilateral- 2 similar halves-> examples: most animals(humans)
type of symmetry that branches in all directions
radial symmetry
type of symmetry that has two similar halves
bilateral symmetry
characteristic of bilateral symmetry in which an animal has a distinct head and concentration of nerve cells in the anterior region(brain)
cephalization
What are examples of animals that don't have cephalization?
sponge and sea star
have highly organized brains in which specific functions occur in specific centers of the brain
vertebrates
Vertebrates have highly organized _______.
brains
name the main types of animals that are vertebrates
fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
animal group that is multicellular, and has no tissues or organs
sponge
animal group that has tissues and cells organized into functional units
Cnidarians
What type of symmetry do Cnidarians have?
radial
How many germ layers do Cnidarians have? What are they?
2; endoderm and ectoderm
animal group that has organs and cephalization(head)
flatworms
What type of symmetry do flatworms have?
bilateral
How many germ layers do flatworms have? What are they?
3 germ layers: endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm
animal group that has pseudocoelom(body cavity)
roundworms
Where is the body cavity of roundworms found?
between gut and body wall
What type of digestive tract do roundworms have?
one way digestive tract: mouth and anus
animal group that has coelom(fluid-filled body cavity)
mollusks
In mollusks, organs form ________.
systems
animal group that has segmentation
annelid
What repeats in annelids?
parts of circulatory and respiratory systems
body cavity
pseudocoelom
fluid-filled body cavity
coelom
Completely describe sponges
multicellular, no tissues or organs
Completely describe Cnidarians
tissues; cells organized into functional units; radial symmetry and 2 germ layers: endoderm and ectoderm
Completely describe flatworms
organs; cephalization(head); bilateral symmetry; 3 germ layers: endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm
Completely describe roundworms
pseudocoelom(body cavity); body cavity between gut and body wall; one way digestive tract: mouth and anus
Completely describe mollusks
coelom(fluid-filled body cavity); organs form systems
Completely describe annelids
segmentation; parts of circulatory and respiratory systems repeat
complex animal group that has jointed legs, an exoskeleton that provides protection and support and an attachment point for muscles
Arthropods
What is an example of Arthropods?
insects
What are the traits of Arthropods?
coelom, segmented body and jointed appendages
Completely describe Arthropods?
jointed legs; exoskeleton provides protection and support; attachment point for muscles; ex. Insects; traits: coelom, segmented body and jointed appendages
complex animal group that are the simplest animals with an endoskeleton
Echinoderms
How do Echinoderms move?
by water vascular system and tube feet
What is an example of Echinoderms?
starfish
Completely describe Echinoderms
simplest animals with an endoskeleton; move by water vascular system and tube feet; ex. Starfish
complex animal group that has a notochord
chordata
What is an example of a chordata that is an invertebrate?
Lancelet
What are examples of a chordata that are vertebrates?
fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
Completely describe chordatas
notochord; ex. Lancelet(invertebrate); vertebrates: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
phylum name for sponges
Phylum Porifera
The Phylum Porifera(sponges) is ________ and are mostly _______.
asymmetrical; marine
What type of invertebrates are the Phylum Porifera(sponges)?
sessile invertebrates that have no true tissues or organs
invertebrates that have no true tissues or organs
sessile invertebrates
How many layers of cells is the body wall of sponges composed of? What is it separated by?
two layers of cells separated by a jellylike substance called mesophyll
the jellylike substance that separates a sponge's two layers of cells
mesophyll
What two types of skeletons can a sponge be made of? Explain what each is
spongin- mesh of tough protein; spicules- hard to strengthen and protect
sponge skeleton made of a mesh of tough protein
spongin
sponge skeleton that is hard in order to strengthen and protect
spicules
cells with flagella for drawing in water that filter feed
Coanocytes
What type of cells do sponges have?
Coanocytes
How do sponges get nutrients?
filter feeding
type of feeding in which something will get nutrients and oxygen from the water
filter feeding
What is a very unique characteristic of sponges?
individual cell digestion; cells can survive individually
What type of digestion do sponges have?
individual cell digestion
have both male and female parts
hermaphrodites
What is the difference between asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction in the phylum Porifera(sponges)?
asexual- budding or fragmentation-> regeneration; sexual- Male produces clouds of sperm which is carried by current to female(larva stage can swim)
phylum Porifera(sponges) reproduction that involves budding or fragmentation(regeneration)
asexual reproduction
phylum Porifera(sponges) reproduction in which a male produces clouds of sperm which is carried by current to female(larva stage can swim)
sexual reproduction
What stage during sexual reproduction does a phylum Porifera(sponges) begin to swim?
larva stage
What are examples of the Phylum Cnidaria?
Jellyfish, sea anemone, hydra, and coral
What type of jellyfish has venom that is fatal to humans?
box jellyfish
What are the traits of the Phylum Cnidaria?
tentacles with nematocysts, stringing harpoon-like structures; gut with one opening; extracellular digestion, can digest organisms larger than its body
stringing harpoon-like structures on the tentacles of the Phylum Cnidaria
nematocysts
means that it can digest organisms larger than its body
extracellular digestion
What type of gut does the Phylum Cnidaria have?
gut with one opening
How many body forms do many Cnidarians have?
2
life stage of Cnidaria that is the swimming stage and jellyfish stage
medusa
life stage of Cnidaria that is the attached stage
polyp
life stage of Cnidaria that is the jellyfish adult stage
medusa
life stage of Cnidaria that is the sea anemone, hydra, and coral adult stage
polyp
What are examples of the Phylum Platyhelminthes(flatworms)?
tapeworm and planarian
What is the Phylum Platyhelminthes?
flatworms
What are the traits of the Phylum Platyhelminthes(flatworms)?
cephalization, organs, bilateral symmetry
means there's no body cavity
acoelomate
The Phylum Platyhelminthes(flatworms) is ________ which means there is no body cavity.
acoelomate
What type of gut does the Phylum Platyhelminthes(flatworms) have?
gut has 1 opening(2 way gut)
Most of the Phylum Platyhelminthes(flatworms) are ________. What are examples?
parasites; tapeworm and fluke
What types of reproduction can the Phylum Platyhelminthes(flatworms) have? Explain each
asexual- regeneration; sexual- hermaphrodites: line up and exchange sperm
What is the Phylum Nematode?
roundworms
What are examples of the Phylum Nematode(roundworms)?
Nematodes, hookworms, ascaris, pinworms, dog heartworms
means there is a body cavity between gut and body wall
Pseudocoelom
The Phylum Nematode(roundworms) is _______ which means there is a body cavity between gut and body wall.
Pseudocoelom
What type of gut does the Phylum Nematode(roundworms) have?
1 way gut, mouth and anus
What type of sexes does the Phylum Nematode(roundworms) have?
separate sexes, male or female
What type of sexes does the Phylum Platyhelminthes(flatworms) have?
hermaphrodites
What type of sexes does the Phylum Porifera(sponges) have?
hermaphrodites
What are examples of Nematode diseases?
Ascaris worms, hookworms, pinworms, Filariasis worms cause Elephantiasis
the most common worms in dogs, cats, and livestock
Ascaris worms
worms that can burrow right through the skin; can be passed between animals and humans
hookworms
the most common parasitic worms in humans; passed between human to human
pinworms
worms that are spread by mosquitos; most common in tropical areas
Filariasis worms
worms that cause Elephantiasis
Filariasis worms
How can some nematodes be beneficial?
kill garden pests like cutworms
type of body plan with 2 sides
bilateral
wheel like symmetry
radial
fluid filled body cavity that lies completely within the mesoderm
coelom
layer of cells that develop between the endoderm and ectoderm
mesoderm
How might a person get infected with a tapeworm? (be specific)
Cow is going to eat grass that has tapeworm eggs on it. The larva are going to be in the muscle tissue and form cysts which means they can survive in the cow meat even the refrigerator. The only way to kill the cysts is to cook them. For contamination to
Describe the 2 life stages of a Cnidarian; include a drawing of each stage
Medusa- swimming stage(jellyfish adult stage); Polyp- attached stage(sea anemone, hydra, and coral adult stage)
Draw and describe 2 different methods of reproduction in sponges. Include steps.
Hermaphrodites that can reproduce sexually or asexually. (diagram)
Phylum for sponge
Porifera
Phylum for hydra
Cnidaria
Phylum for jellyfish
Cnidaria
Phylum for sea anenome
Cnidaria
Phylum for organisms with stinging cells
Cnidaria
Phylum for coral
Cnidaria
Phylum for liver fluke
Platyhelminthes
Phylum for tapeworm
Platyhelminthes
Phylum for planarian
Platyhelminthes
Phylum for hookworms
Nematoda
Phylum for nematode
Nematoda
Phylum for roundworms
Nematoda
Phylum for ascaris worms
Nematoda
Phylum for pinworms
Nematoda
Phylum for dog heartworms
Nematoda
Phylum for Filariasis worms
Nematoda
Phylum for snails
Mollusca
Phylum for slugs
Mollusca
Phylum for earthworms
Annelida
Phylum for segmented worms
Annelida
Phylum for wasps
Arthropoda
Phylum for insects
Arthropoda
Phylum for sea star
Echinodermata
Phylum for lancelet
Chordata
Phylum for vertebrates
Chordata
In most animals, the circulatory system moves blood or a similar fluid through the body to transport ________ to cells. The circulatory system also moves ________ away from cells.
oxygen and nutrients; carbon dioxide and wastes
What have no circulatory systems?
sponges and cnidarians
Because sponges and cnidarians lack a circulatory system, nutrients and gases are exchanged directly with the environment by ________.
diffusion across cell membranes
What have an open circulatory system?
arthropods and some mollusks
What happens in an open circulatory system?
blood-like circulatory fluid is pumped from vessels in the body into the body cavity, and then is returned to the vessels
What have a closed circulatory system?
annelids and other mollusks
What happens in a closed circulatory system?
blood is pumped by a heart and circulates through the body in vessels that form a closed loop
The exchange of ________ occurs between body cells and very small blood vessels that lie near each cell.
gases, nutrients, and wastes
What two characteristics do all animals have?
multicellular and heterotrophic