What categories were used to evaluate health outcomes in the states?
smoking, obesity, diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular deaths, binge drinking, physical inactivity, lack of health insurance, etc.
What characteristics did the healthiest states share? How about the least healthy states?
healthier states had lower rates of obesity, diabetes, smoking, access to health insurance, less cardiovascular and cancer deaths, more high school graduation (opposite for least healthy states)
What factors have the greatest influences on the health of the population?
1. The social environment, or type of people who you interact with (smokers, substance users, level of physical activity).
2. Availability of resources, such as health insurance, healthy food, education
3. The physical environment, such as access to parks
What were identified as the most important challenges to health?
Sedentary behavior, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, children in poverty
Describe immediate and long-term benefits of healthy behaviors
Immediate benefits: happier mood, higher energy levels, makes daily activities easier
Long-term benefits: live for more healthy years free of disability, chronic pain, or significant illness
What are the leading causes of death in the United States?
Cardiovascular disease, cancer, stroke, chronic lower respiratory diseases, and unintentional injury
What is the purpose of Healthy People 2020?
Process that reflects input from a diverse group of individuals and organizations and provides science-based, 10-year national objectives for improving the health of all Americans
What is health? How are the medical model and public health model defined?
Health is a state of complete physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being. The medical model views health status on both the individual and a biological or diseased organ perspective.The public health model views health as a result of the individua
Explain wellness and the dimensions of health
Wellness is the process of adopting patterns of behavior that can lead to improved health and heightened life satisfaction. The 6 dimensions of health are physical health, social health, intellectual health, emotional health, spiritual health, and environ
What are health determinants and how do they influence one's health?
individual behavior (physical activity, nutrition, etc.), biology and genetics (inherited traits), and social factors (.
What role do health disparities play in one's health status?
Dramatic health disparities exist among people of certain racial and ethnic backgrounds.
The number of people uninsured or underinsured is large and growing.
Men and women experience major differences in rates of disease and disability.
Economic status ca
Describe the Health Belief Model
Health behavior change is more likely if:
1. There is a perceived seriousness of the health problem
2. There is a perceived susceptibility to the health problem
3. There are cues to action.
Why are self-efficacy, locus of control, and SMART goals important to a behavior change plan?
Self efficacy, or believing that you can bring about a change, is important to have in order to initiate behavior change. Locus of control is the extent to which individuals believe that they can control events that affect them, and in order to change you
What are characteristics of psychologically healthy people?
-Feel good about themselves
-Feel comfortable with other people
-Express respect and feel compassion toward others
-Control tension and anxiety
-Meet the demands of life
-Curb hate and guilt
-Maintain a positive outlook
-Value diversity
-Appreciate and re
What are the 4 dimensions of psychological health?
-mental
-emotional
-social
-spiritual
What is the difference between religion and spiritual health
Religion is defined as a system of beliefs, practices, rituals, and symbols designed to facilitate closeness to the sacred or transcendent
Spirituality may or may not lead to participation in organized religion
What factors influence psychological health?
-Family
-Social supports
-Community
-Self-efficacy- belief in one's ability to succeed
-Self-esteem - self-respect/self-worth
-Personality
-Life span and maturity
What are the most common mental health issues affecting college students?
Depression, Anxiety Disorders, Eating Disorders, and Suicide
What may cause mental health disorders?
An interaction between multiple factors including biological differences, hormones, inherited traits, life events, and early childhood trauma.
Define stress and the concepts of eustress and distress.
Stress is the mental and physical responses and adaptions by our bodies to changes and challenges in our lives. Eustress is stress that is deemed healthful or giving one the feeling of fulfillment (good stress). Distress is bad stress, and occurs when goo
What impact may stress have on physical, intellectual, and psychological health?
40% of deaths and 70% of diseases in the United States are related wholly or partly to stress. It can cause cardiovascular disease, diabetes, digestive problems, impaired immunity, and impaired libido. It can also negatively affect academic performance, a
Explain the phases of the General Adaptation Syndrome and the body's response.
Stage 1 is alarm stage, and occurs when a stressor disrupts the body's stability, temporarily lowering the body's resistance to stress. Stage 2 is resistance stage in which adaptation resources are mobilized to combat a stressor, and the body maintains a
What are common sources of stress for college students?
School work load, adjusting to change, relationships, financial stress, technostress
What factors mediate one's response to stress?
-Characteristics of the stressor
-Whether it is predictable
-Whether it occurs often
-Biological factors
-Past experiences
What are stress reduction techniques to manage stress?
manage your time, manage your finances, develop a support network, exercise regularly and eat healthy, cultivate your spiritual side, and be positive
Know the macro- nutrients and the primary functions of each and their roles in maintaining long-term health.
Macronutrients are Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins, Water. Carbs supply energy needed to sustain normal daily activity, and provide the main fuel for our body's cells. Fats are the principal form of stored energy in the body, and they help transport fat sol
What does nutrient density mean? How about empty calories?
Foods that are very nutrient dense give you the most nutrients for the least amount of calories. Empty calories are essentially the opposite, as they offer a lot of calories, but no nutrients.
What is the difference between hunger and appetite?
Hunger: occurs when there is a lack or shortage of basic foods needed to provide energy and nutrients needed to support health
Appetite: A learned psychological desire to eat that may or may not have anything to do with feeling hungry
What areas of recommendation does the Choose My Plate highlight?
Fruits, vegetables, grains, dairy, and protein.
What are common challenges that prevent Americans from maintaining healthful nutrient intakes?
food allergies, special diets (ex. vegetarians), social/cultural factors, advertising, emotions, finance
How are food labels useful for enhancing a healthy diet?
Food labels let us know not only how many calories are in an amount of food, but tell us the specific amounts of macro and micro nutrients in the food.
What are the health benefits of eating fruits and vegetables
Fruits and vegetables reduce your risk of heart disease, stroke, and certain cancers. They provide a lot of fiber which helps defend against type II diabetes and obesity. Many fruits, like bananas, are rich in potassium and can lower blood pressure and de
Do all fats have the same health benefits?
No, some fats are good fats, such as unsaturated fats which can actually lower bad cholesterol. Saturated fats, such as red meat, whole milk products, and nuts, should be eaten in moderation because they can raise bad cholesterol. Trans fat is a bad fat,
What factors contribute to Americans becoming increasingly more overweight?
Lack of physical activity, availability and cost of fast food, portion sizes, poverty
What is BMI and what are limitations associated with this measure? risks for high or low BMIs?
BMI is a tool used to screen the general population regarding their risk for chronic disease body weight relative to height, and is highly correlated with total body fat. Its limitations are that it's not gender specific, and doesn't measure body fat vs l
What are different ways to measure body composition?
Underwater weighing, dual energy x-ray, bod pod, bioelectrical impedance, and skinfold measures.
How does metabolism play a role in managing your weight?
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What would you suggest to someone who wants to lose weight? Gain weight?
Don't diet! If you want to lose weight, decrease your calorie intake. increase the frequency of exercise, and eat very nutrient dense food and cut out empty calories. If you want to gain weight, increase you calorie intake, decrease your energy output, an
What concerns should you have when choosing a commercial weight loss plan?
Make sure its been medically approved,
What factors influence body image?
The media, popular culture, family, community, culture groups, and physiological and psychological factors
What factors contribute to the development of eating disorders
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Describe the differences between anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating.
Anorexia is a type of self-starvation that arises from an intense fear of fat that involves severe, life-threatening weight loss. Bulimia is an eating disorder in which Individuals binge on huge amounts of food and then engage in purging, vomiting, or tak
How are body image disorders different from normal concern about appearance?
Body image disorders are different in the sense that they involve very extreme measures that are life-threatening
How is activity disorder different from normal exercising?
Activity disorder is different from normal exercise, because people no longer have a desire to exercise, but a compulsion to exercise. A person may struggle with guilt and anxiety/depression if they don't work out, and it often results in very serious inj
How is female athlete triad different from disordered eating?
The female athlete triad involves three interrelated disorders: The first is a low energy intake (usually as a result of disordered eating), which leads to menstrual dysfunction, which results in low bone density.
Describe the Social Cognitive Model,
Change occurs in a reciprocal fashion. We change our behaviors in part by observing models in our environments, from childhood to present-reflecting on our observations and regulating ourselves accordingly.
Describe the Transtheoretical Model of behavior change.
The Stages of Change Model looks at change as a process; includes, feelings, behaviors, relationships, and many other factors:
1. Precontemplation stage
2. Contemplation stage
3. Preparation stage
4. Action stage
5. Maintenance stage
6. Termination stage
Know the micro- nutrients and the primary functions of each and their roles in maintaining long-term health.
Micronutrients are vitamins and minerals. Vitamin D is formed when skin is exposed to the sun. It improves bone strength, helps fight infections, lowers blood pressure. Folic Acid plays a role in preventing major birth defects. Some major minerals that ou
what role does sodium play in the body?
Regulation of blood and body fluids, transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, and metabolism
what role does calcium play in the body?
it builds strong bones and teeth, muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, regulating heartbeat, and fluid balance