__________ rays easily penetrate through the human body and require lead or several inches of concrete to prevent penetration.
Gamma
After eating at a local restaurant, a 20-year-old male complains of blurred vision, difficulty speaking, and difficulty breathing. He is conscious; however, his respirations are profoundly labored and producing minimal tidal volume. You should:
assist his ventilations with high-flow oxygen.
All of the following are vesicant agents, EXCEPT:
sarin.
An attack on an abortion clinic would MOST likely be carried out by a(n):
single-issue group.
As you and your partner report for duty, you check your ambulance and begin talking about the possibility of a terrorist attack. The MOST effective and appropriate way to determine the likelihood of this happening is to:
know the current threat level issued by the Department of Homeland Security.
At present, the likelihood of a nuclear attack against the United States is very low because:
terrorist nations do not have the ability to deliver a nuclear weapon via missile or bomb.
Continual reassessment of the scene at a suspected terrorist or weapon of mass destruction incident is MOST important because:
a secondary explosive device may detonate.
n determining the potential for a terrorist attack, you should routinely observe all of the following on every call, EXCEPT:
weather conditions.
Most cases of anthrax begin with:
flulike symptoms.
Multiple people in a small town began experiencing abdominal cramps, excessive salivation and urination, and muscle twitching shortly after a small crop duster plane made several passes over the community. As you are assessing the patients, you further determine that most of them are bradycardic and have miosis. In addition to high-flow oxygen, the MOST appropriate treatment for these patients includes:
atropine and pralidoxime chloride.
Points of distribution (PODs) are strategically placed facilities where:
antidotes, antibiotics, and vaccines are distributed.
The Centennial Park bombing during the 1996 Summer Olympics is an example of:
domestic terrorism
The EMT should expect that a patient who was exposed to cyanide will have:
a normal pulse oximetry reading
The incubation period for Ebola can be up to:
21 days.
The means by which a terrorist will spread a particular agent is called:
dissemination
The type and severity of wounds sustained from incendiary and explosive devices primarily depend on the:
patient's distance from the epicenter of the explosion
To date, the preferred weapons of mass destruction for terrorists have been:
explosive weapons.
Unlike viral agents, bacterial agents:
respond to antibiotics
Which of the following statements regarding blast injuries is correct?
Solid organs are relatively protected from shock wave injury but may be injured during the secondary or tertiary blast phase
You and your partner arrive at the scene of a fire at a large office complex. Witnesses tell you that they heard a loud explosion shortly before the building caught fire. You should:
ensure that your ambulance is parked upwind and uphill from the building
A frostbitten foot can be identified by the presence of:
mottling and blisters.
A patient with a core body temperature of 95°F (35°C) will MOST likely experience:
rapid breathing.
All of the following snakes are pit vipers, EXCEPT for the:
coral snake
All of the following terms are used to describe a cold body part that is not frozen, EXCEPT:
frostbite
Breath-holding syncope is caused by a decreased stimulus to breathe and occurs when:
a swimmer hyperventilates prior to entering the water
Burns associated with lightning strikes are typically:
superficial
Common signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion include all of the following, EXCEPT:
hot, dry skin
Compared to adults, infants and children are at higher risk for hypothermia for all of the following reasons, EXCEPT:
a relatively small surface area
Covering a patient's _________ will significantly minimize radiation heat loss.
head
Drowning is MOST accurately defined as:
death from suffocation after submersion in water
Heat loss from the body through respiration occurs when:
warm air is exhaled into the atmosphere
High humidity reduces the body's ability to lose heat through:
evaporation
Rough handling of a hypothermic patient with a pulse may cause:
ventricular fibrillation
Signs and symptoms of an air embolism include all of the following, EXCEPT:
pale skin
The diving reflex may allow a person to survive extended periods of submersion in cold water secondary to:
bradycardia and slowing of the metabolic rate
The EMT must assume that any unwitnessed water-related incident is accompanied by:
a spinal injury
The two MOST efficient ways for the body to eliminate excess heat are
sweating and dilation of skin blood vessels
The venom of a black widow spider is toxic to the:
nervous system
To obtain the MOST accurate reading of a patient's core body temperature, you should place a special hypothermia thermometer:
into the patients rectum
When a warm hand is immersed in water that is 70°F (21°C), heat is transferred from the hand to the water through a process called:
conduction
When the body loses sweat, it also loses:
electrolytes.
Which of the following is an early sign of pit viper envenomation?
local swelling and ecchymosis
Which of the following medications increases a person's risk of a heat-related emergency?
diuretics
You are dispatched to a residence for a young female who is sick. The patient complains of a rash to her lower extremities and truncal area. Your assessment reveals a small, painful blister on her inner thigh. As your partner is taking the patient's vital signs, she states that she and her family returned from a camping trip two days ago. On the basis of this patient's presentation, you should suspect:
lyme disease
You receive a call to a residence for a sick patient. Upon your arrival, you find the patient, a 53-year-old diabetic male, lying down on his front porch. His wife tells you that he had been mowing the lawn in the heat for the past 3 hours. The patient is confused and has hot, moist skin. His pulse is weak and thready, and his blood pressure is 90/50 mm Hg. In addition to administering 100% oxygen, you should:
load him into the ambulance and begin rapid cooling interventions
A "silent" heart attack occurs when:
the usual chest pain is not present.
A 10% to 20% reduction in brain weight and volume would MOST likely increase an older person's risk for:
dementia
An older patient with significant dehydration would MOST likely present with:
dizziness or fainting upon standing.
Blood levels of medications may rise in the elderly, sometimes to toxic levels. This is MOST likely due to:
renal insufficiency
Common causes of syncope in older patients include all of the following, EXCEPT:
vasoconstriction
In contrast to delirium, dementia:
is usually considered irreversible
Syncope in the older patient is:
caused by an interruption of blood flow to the brain.
Talking about an elderly patient in front of him or her to other members of the family:
...
The EMT should suspect left-sided heart failure in the geriatric patient who presents with:
achypnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
The stooped posture of some older people, which gives them a humpback appearance, is called:
kyphosis
To minimize distractions and confusion when assessing an older patient, you should:
Have only one EMT speak to the patient at a time
Upon arriving at the residence of an elderly female who apparently fainted, you find the patient lying supine on her living room floor. She is not moving and her eyes are closed. A neighbor tells you that she found the patient this way, but did not move her. When you talk to the patient, she does not respond. You should:
direct your partner to manually stabilize her head while you quickly visualize her chest fir signs of breathing.
When caring for a geriatric patient with a traumatic injury, it is important to consider that:
the injury may have been preceded by a medical condition
When caring for an elderly patient who is hearing-impaired, you should:
recall that elderly patients have difficulty hearing high-frequency sounds
When faced with a situation in which an older patient with a terminal illness is in cardiac arrest, but written documentation regarding the patient's wishes cannot be located, the EMT should:
attempt to resuscitate the patient
Which of the following is the MOST common mechanism of injury in older patients?
falls
Which of the following observations or statements represents the "E" in the GEMS diamond?
The patient's residence is cold due to a malfunctioning heater.
You receive a call for a sick person. When you arrive, you find the patient, a 75-year-old male, lying unresponsive in his bed. His respirations are slow and irregular and his pulse is slow and weak. His daughter tells you that he fell the day before, but refused to allow her to call 9-1-1. His past medical history is significant for hypothyroidism, deep vein thrombosis, heavy alcohol use, and liver cirrhosis. His medications include blood thinners and vitamins. You should be MOST suspicious that this patient is experiencing:
a subdural hematoma.
A 13-year-old child is on a home ventilator. The parents called because the ventilator is malfunctioning and the child has increasing respiratory distress. You should:
Disconnect the ventilator and use a bag-mask device
A person is said to be obese when he or she is ________ over his or her ideal weight.
20% to 30%
According to the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA):
All health facilities must provide a medical assessment and required treatment, regarding of the patients ability to pay
Airway management can be challenging in patients with Down syndrome because their:
Teeth are misaligned and they have a large tongue
Autism is MOST accurately defined as a:
pervasive developmental disorder characterized by impairment of social interaction.
Common complications associated with central venous catheters include all of the following, EXCEPT:
Rupture of a central vein
When caring for patients with cerebral palsy, it is important to remember that:
their limbs are often underdeveloped and are prone to injury
A mother who is pregnant with her first baby is typically in the first stage of labor for approximately:
16 hours
A nuchal cord is defined as an umbilical cord that:
is wrapped around the baby's neck.
After a baby is born, it is important to:
ensure it is thoroughly dried and warm
An abortion occurs when the fetus and placenta deliver before:
20 weeks
Common interventions used to stimulate spontaneous respirations in the newborn include all of the following, EXCEPT:
positive-pressure ventilations
During delivery of the baby's head, you should suction the mouth before the nose because:
suctioning the nose first may cause the baby to gasp and aspirate fluid.
During delivery, it is MOST important to position your partner at the mother's head because:
the mother may become nauseated and vomit.
If a pregnant patient requires spinal immobilization, you should secure her to the backboard and then:
elevate the right side of the board with rolled towels or blankets.
Preeclampsia MOST commonly occurs after the ____ week of gestation.
30th
Pregnant women are advised to take iron supplements, such as prenatal vitamins, because:
pregnancy causes a decreased number of red blood cells, which predisposes the mother to anemia
Signs and symptoms of preeclampsia include:
Headache and edema
Supine hypotensive syndrome occurs when:
the pregnant uterus compresses the inferior vena cava
The leading cause of maternal death during the first trimester of pregnancy is:
internal bleeding caused by a ruptured ectopic pregnancy
The umbilical cord:
...
The vagina and the neck of the uterus comprise the:
birth canal
Vigorous suctioning of a newborn's airway is indicated if:
there is meconium in the amniotic fluid
When preparing a pregnant patient for delivery, you should position her:
on a firm surface with her hips elevated 2" to 4
Which of the following is a normal physiologic change that occurs in the mother's respiratory system during pregnancy?
increased respiratory rate and decreased respiratory reserve
Which of the following is an indication of imminent birth?
Crowning of the baby's head
Which of the following occurs during true labor?
Uterine contractions become more regular
Which of the following processes occurs during ovulation?
The inner lining of the uterus thickens in preparation for implantation
Which of the following statements regarding a breech presentation is MOST correct?
A breech presentation occurs when the buttocks are the presenting part.
Which of the following statements regarding gestational diabetes is correct?
In some cases, women with gestational diabetes require insulin injections.
Which of the following statements regarding the placenta is correct?
The placenta allows oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other products to transfer between the mother and fetus but does not allow blood to mix between the mother and fetus.
You have just delivered a baby boy. His body is pink, but his hands and feet are blue. His heart rate is approximately 110 beats/min and his respirations are rapid and irregular. He has a weak cry when stimulated and resists attempts to straighten his legs. His Apgar score is:
8
A child may begin to show signs of separation anxiety as early as:
12 months
After squeezing the end of a child's finger or toe for a few seconds, blood should return to the area within:
2 seconds
All of the following are normal findings in an infant or child, EXCEPT:
head bobbing
Before positioning an infant or child's airway, you should:
place him or her on a firm surface
Compared to adults, the liver and spleen of pediatric patients are more prone to injury and bleeding because they are:
proportionately larger and situated more anteriorly.
Early signs of respiratory distress in the child include:
restlessness
Signs of vasoconstriction in the infant or child include:
weak distal pulses.
The purpose of the pediatric assessment triangle (PAT) is to:
allow you to rapidly and visually form a general impression of the child.
The suture of the anterior fontanelle is typically closed by _____ months of age, and the suture of the posterior fontanelle is typically closed by _____ months of age.
18,6
When assessing the heart rate of a 6-month-old infant, you should palpate the brachial pulse or ________ pulse.
FEMORAL
Which of the following statements regarding preschool-age children is correct?
They can usually identify painful areas when questioned
A viral infection that may cause obstruction of the upper airway in a child is called:
croup
Blood loss in a child exceeding _____ of his or her total blood volume significantly increases the risk of shock.
25%
Causes of infant death that may be mistaken for SIDS include all of the following, EXCEPT:
hyperglycemia
Critical burns in children include:
partial-thickness burns covering greater than 20% of the body surface
Death caused by shaken baby syndrome is usually the result of:
bleeding in the brain
In most children, febrile seizures are characterized by:
generalized tonic-clonic activity, a duration of less than 15 minutes, and a short or absent postictal phase.
Signs and symptoms of meningitis in the infant or child include all of the following, EXCEPT:
sunken fontanels
Signs of an upper airway obstruction in an infant or child include all of the following, EXCEPT:
wheezing
The EMT should be MOST concerned when a child presents with fever and:
A RASH
The MOST accurate method for determining if you are delivering adequate tidal volume to a child during bag-mask ventilations is to:
observe the chest for adequate rise
The MOST common cause of dehydration in pediatric patients is:
vomiting and diarrhea
The signs and symptoms of poisoning in children:
VARY WIDELY
When a child experiences a blunt chest injury:
the flexible ribs can be compressed without breaking
A disposable oxygen humidifier should be considered for ambulance services that often transport patients on runs longer than:
1 hour
A portable oxygen cylinder should have a capacity of a minimum of ____ of oxygen.
500L
Characteristics of a safe ambulance operator include:
a positive attitude about the ability to tolerate other drivers
Delivering a patient to the hospital involves all of the following activities, EXCEPT:
giving a verbal report to the triage clerk
Hydroplaning of the ambulance on wet roads would MOST likely occur at speeds of greater than _____ mph.
30
In general, medivac helicopters should be utilized when:
a patient has a time-dependent injury or illness and traffic conditions would cause a significant delay in definitive care
Maintaining a cushion of safety when operating an ambulance means:
Keeping a safe distance between your ambulance and the vehicles in front of you and remaining aware of vehicles potentially hiding in your mirror's blind spots.
Minimum airway and ventilation equipment that should be carried on every ambulance include all of the following, EXCEPT:
Combitubes or laryngeal mask airways
Phases of an ambulance call include all of the following activities, EXCEPT:
emergency care provided at the scene
The MOST common and usually the most serious ambulance crashes occur at:
intersections
The purpose of a jump kit is to:
Contain anything that you might need during the first 5 minutes of patient care
The six-pointed Star of Life® emblem identifies vehicles that:
meet federal specifications as licensed or certified ambulances
Typically medivac helicopters fly between:
130 to 150 mph
Upon arriving at the scene of a major motor vehicle crash at night, you find that the safest place to park your ambulance is in a direction that is facing oncoming traffic. You should:
turn your headlights off
When approaching a helicopter, whether the rotor blades are moving or not, you should:
never duck under the body or the tail boom because the pilot cannot see you in these areas
When parking your ambulance at the scene of a motor vehicle crash, you should position the ambulance:
100′ past the scene on the same side of the road
When working at the scene of a motor vehicle crash at night, you should NOT use:
road flares
Which of the following is an example of regional equipment or supplies?
snake bite kit
Which of the following statements regarding the use of the warning lights and siren on the ambulance is correct?
If it is necessary to use the siren, you should tell the patient beforehand
While using lights and siren, most state laws permit an ambulance to:
carefully exceed the posted speed limit
Common duties and responsibilities of EMS personnel at the scene of a motor vehicle crash include all of the following, EXCEPT:
keeping bystanders at a safe distance
Extrication is MOST accurately defined as:
removal form a dangerous situation or position
The scene size-up at a motor vehicle crash or other incident:
is an ongoing process until the incident is terminated
Upon arriving at the scene of a motor vehicle crash, you can see three patients, one who is entrapped in his car and two who have been ejected from their vehicle. You should:
immediately request addition resources
When removing a critically injured patient from his or her vehicle, you should:
protect the cervical spine during the entire process
In order to accomplish the goal of primary triage, it is important to:
keep the triage assessment brief and the patient categories basic
According to the START triage system, what should you do if a patient is found to have a respiratory rate of 24 breaths/min?
Assess for bilateral radial pulses
Which of the following statements regarding storage containers and hazardous materials is correct?
In most cases there is no correlation between the color of the container in the possible contents
All of the following are vesicant agents, EXCEPT:
sarin
Which of the following agents blocks the body's ability to use oxygen and possesses an odor similar to almonds?
HYDROGEN CYANIDE
Which of the following statements regarding the unified command system is correct?
Under the unified command system, plans are drawn up in advance by all cooperating agencies that assume a shared responsibility for decision making
You and your partner are the first to arrive at the scene of a motor vehicle accident. As you approach the scene, you can see multiple patients, some walking and others who are still in their vehicles. You should:
Declare a mass casualty incident and request additional resources
According to the START triage system, what should you do if you encounter an unresponsive patient who is not breathing?
Open the airway and reassess breathing status
The primary route of exposure of vesicant agents is the:
SKIN
Cross-contamination occurs when:
an EMT is exposed to a victim who has not yet been decontaminated
Command functions under the ICS include all of the following, EXCEPT:
triage officer
The FIRST step in the START triage system is to:
move all walking patients to a designated area
A disease vector is defined as:
any agent that acts as a carrier or transporter
The MOST appropriate location to park your ambulance at a HazMat incident is:
Upwind at least 100' from the incident
If the incident command system (ICS) is already established at the scene of a WMD or terrorist attack, the EMT should:
locate the medical staging officer to obtain his or her assignment
Placards and labels on a storage container are intended to:
Give a general idea of the hazard inside that particular container
Historically, the weak point at most major incidents has been:
Communication.
According to the JumpSTART triage system, if a pediatric patient is not breathing, you should:
immediately check for a pulse.
A severe risk of terrorist attacks is indicated by the color _____ by the Department of Homeland Security Security Advisory System.
red
At a very large incident, the __________ section is responsible for managing the tactical operations usually handled by the IC on routine EMS calls.
operations
In preparing for a disaster, EMS systems should have enough supplies for at least a ______ period of self-sufficiency.
72-hour
A critical function of the safety officer is to:
stop an emergency operation whenever a rescuer is in danger
Level _____ hazardous materials would cause irritation on contact but only mild residual injury, even without treatment.
1
A supervisor who has more than seven people reporting to him or her:
Has exceeded and effective span of control and should divide tasks and delegate the supervision of some tasks to another person
The function of the National Incident Management System (NIMS) is to:
Prepare for, prevent, respond to, and recover from domestic incidents
A person's ability to shiver is lost when body temp falls below?
90 degrees
Heat loss from the body through respiration occurs when?
Warm air is exhaled into the atmostphere
Heat stroke occurs when?
The body's heat-eliminating mechanisms are overwhelmed
In order for sweating to be an effective cooling mechanism?
It must be able to evaporate from the body
2 Most effective ways for body to eliminate excess heat?
Sweating & Vasodialation
The placenta prematurely separates from the uterine wall?
Abruptio Placenta
Infant is premature if it is:
Born before 36 weeks and less than 5 lbs
Newborn heart rate is less than 60 beats/min. you should?
Ventilate for 30 seconds
Signs & Symptoms of preeclampsia?
Headache & Edema
While delivering a baby, you notice the cord around the neck, you should?
Slip the cord over the head
APGAR consists of. Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and ?
Respirations
Pink Body/blue ext. HR: 110. Resp: Rapid & Irregular. Weak cry. Resists attempt to straighten legs?
8
2 year old, no history, cyanotic, cannot speak after playing with a toy, you should?
Abdominal thrusts
For cap refill, blood should return within?
2 seconds
Febrile seizure in a child?
May indicate a serious underlying illness
A "silent" heart attack occurs when?
The usual chest pain is not present
Elderly male, sudden difficulty breathing, leg is red, swollen and painful, you should?
Administer oxygen
Most common MOI in elderly patients?
Falls
Cerebral palsy results from damage to the?
Brain
Suction units must generate a vacuum of at least _________ mmHg when tubing is clamped?
300
Helicopters fly at speeds between?
130-150
Upon arrival at the scene of a LE tactical situation, ensure your safety and then?
Report to incident commander for instructions
Historically, the weak points at major incidents has been?
Communications
Where incoming ambulances meet and await further instructions at the scene of a MCI?
Staging Area
Which happens in the warm zone?
Decontamination
Your work uniform is an example of what level of protection?
Level D
Primary route of exposure of vesicant agents is the?
Skin
Organophosphates can be found in?
Pesticides
Which is a nerve agent?
Soman
To evaluate hazards present at a scene and determine the number of patients you should?
Perform a 360-degree walk around of the scene