psychological disorders
deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD
a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one of more of the 3 key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and inpulsivity
inattention
distractability, forgetfullness, disorganization
hyperactivity
fidgetting, restlessness
impulsivity
difficulty taking turns, interrupting
medical model
concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured. When applied to psychological disorders, it assumes that these mental illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy,
neurosis
less severe disorders
psychosis
more severe disorders
Biopsychosocial Approach
-all behavior from interactions of nature and nurture
-different disorders more common in different cultures
-possibly same underlying dynamic, but different symptoms
-influenced by genetic predisposition and physiological states, by psychological dynamic
DSM-IV
American Psychiatric association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders
anxiety disorders
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
generalized anxiety disorder
an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense apprehensice, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
-tense and jittery
-worried various bad things may happen
-"free floating" anxiety
-can lead to physical problems (ulcers, etc)
panic disorder
an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minute-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations
phobia
an anxiety disorder marked bya persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object/situation
somatoform disorder
physical ailment w/out a physical cause
ex. hypocondrious = thin they are sick but are nt
obsessive-compulsive disorder OCD
an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actoins (compulsions)
post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD
an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawl, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for 4 weeks or more after traumatic experience
survivor resiliency/post-traumatic growth
greater appreciation for life, bounce back from traumatic experience
Learning perspective
-fear conditioning: general anxiety learned with classical conditioning of fear, anxiety swells w/reminder of trauma,
-observational learning: observe others fear, human parents trasmit fears to children
biological perspective
-natural selection: phobias based off things our ancestors feared and things we did to stay alive
-genes: genetically predisposed temperament and traumatic event = new phobia
-the brain: overarousal of brain areas involved in impulse control (anterior cin
dissociative disorders
disorders in which conscious awareness becomes serpeated (dissociated) from pervious memories, thoughts and feels
dissociative identity disorder DID
a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits 2 or more distinct and alternating personalities. Aka multiple personality disorder
-"Dr. Jekyll/Mr. Hyde" split
-way to deal with anxiety
mood disorders
psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes
1. major depressive disorder
2. bipolar disorder
depression
response to past and current loss
major depressive disorder
mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, 2 or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activites
aysthymic disorder
mix of middle between temporary bad mood and full blown crushing depression
mania
a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive widely optimistic state
biopolar disorder
a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and overexcited state of mania (aka manic-depressive disorder)
biological perspective (mood)
-depression = whole body disorder
-involves genetic predispositions, biochemical imbalances, negative thoughts, and melancholy mood
-mood disorders run in families
-
depressed brain
-norepinephrine = scarce, overabundant in mania
-serotonin = scarce
-lower levels of omega 3's
-less brain activity
-frontal lobes 7% smaller than normal
social cognitive perspective (mood)
-everything is negative
-negative thoughts and moods interact
-pessimistic thinking = up in depression
-up social support = down depression
depressions vicious cycle
1. stressful events
2. negative explanatory style
3. depressed mood
4. cognitive and behavioral changes
schizophrenia
group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and innappropriate emotions and actions
disorganized thinking
fragmented, bizarre, distorted by false beliefs
delusions
false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur that may accompany psychotic disorders
-breakdown in selective attention
-minute, irrelevant stimuluses can distract
disturbed perceptions
-hallucinations
-voices telling them they are bad, giving orders
inappropriate emotions and actions
-flat affect = zombie like state of apparent apathy
-senseless compulsive acts
catatonia
motionless for hours and become agitate
positive symptoms
hallucinations, inappropriate laughter, tears, and rage
negative symptoms
toneless voices, expressionless faces, mute, rigid bodies
paranoid
preoccupation w/delusions or hallucinations, often w/themes of persecution or grandiosity
disorganized
disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion
catatonic
immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement) extreme negatisim and parrotlike repeating or anothers speech/movement
undifferentiated
many and varied symptoms
residual
withdrawl, after hallucinations and delusions have disapeered
etiology
caues/origins of a problem
personality disorders
psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
antisocial personality disorder
a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrong doing, even towards friends/family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist
-feel little fear and feel little