psychological
Yani is on the phone with her mother, who is explaining how to go about preparing dinner for the family later. Yani is distracted by a humorous Twitter post by one of her friends. As dinner time nears, Yani realizes she has no idea how to cook the family
relational
If your roommate tells you that you're out of cereal and you interpret the statement as also meaning, "I'm irritated you never replace food items when they are gone," you are interpreting which dimension of your roommate's message?
Intrapersonal
Stan mentally rehearses what he will say to break up with his girlfriend later in the day. Stan is engaging in what kind of communication?
correct
Which of the following can make someone a more competent communicator by enabling that person to see how his or her behavior fits, or doesn't fit in a given social situation?
self-monitoring
Tell the truth
Kenny is writing a persuasive speech on the existence of extraterrestrial or alien life. His thesis is "Extraterrestrial life is a fact, backed up by extensive scientific study and government involvement." After doing his research, however, Kenny feels he
five
Most speeches have between two and _____ main points.
plagiarism
Which of the following terms means knowingly using information from another source without giving proper credit to that source?
verbal footnote
While it is acceptable to quote other people's words in your speech, it is essential you use a _________________
Which statement is most accurate about facial expressions during a speech?
Your expressions should match the tone of your words.
strive for simplicity
Trish loves using Powerpoint during presentations at work. She loves incorporating sound effects, fancy slide transitions, and moving graphics. However, she never seems to get good reviews on her speeches from her boss. Instead, he complains that he finds
extemporaneous
Which type of speech is one that is carefully prepared to sound as though it is being delivered spontaneously?
stay positive
It is important to _____________ when dealing with stage fright because if you don't, self-fulfilling prophecy can cause you to have a poor performance simply because you expect that you will.
Avoiding ___________ during a speech is a response to fear that makes the speaker feel hidden and protected; having it can make the speaker feel vulnerable because it acknowledges that the audience is evaluating the speaker.
eye contact
movement
A particularly good time to incorporate ________ into your delivery is during a transition in your speech because your change in position will correspond to a change in your remarks.
demographic
Carrie is giving a speech to her political science class. In order to make her topic interesting and engaging to her audience, Carrie looks at her audience's ____________ characteristics, such as sex and sexual orientation, culture, and political orientat
Ben is doing a speech on communication apprehension in college students. Because he wants to see how speech students in general feel about the topic, he decides that a _______________ would be the most efficient way to see how a large number of speech stu
questionnaire
_________ sensitive speakers recognize that many minorities have histories of social, economic, or political oppression.
culturally
Jocelyn is a dynamic, humorous speaker. When she is asked to give a eulogy for her former biology professor, she prepares a somber, serious speech commemorating the educator's contribution to his field. In order to give a speech appropriate for the occasi
What is the emotional tone of the event?
Jason needed help with his construction job and called on his cousin Jeff to assist. Jason told Jeff that window trim needed to be cut and installed and detailed how to turn on the saw, how to make adjustments to it, how to use it to make the cuts, and ho
explanation
information hunger
Miguel never thought he would look forward to going to English class, but ever since his teacher started teaching grammar lessons, Miguel has eagerly anticipated each class. His teacher has a way of explaining grammar that is interesting and makes sense.
communication
the process by which we use signs, symbols, and behaviors to exchange information and create meaning.
Physical Needs
when people are prevented from having contact with others for an extended period, their heath can deteriorate.
Relational needs
the essential elements we look for in our relationships with other people.
Identity Needs
The ways we communicate shapes the way we see ourselves.
Spiritual needs
principals someone values in life. Morals.
Instrumental needs
People communicate to meet their practical, everyday needs.
Action Model
Describes communication as a one-way process.
Interaction Model
Takes up where the action model leaves off. Describes communication as a process shaped by feedback and context.
Transaction Model
Describes communication as a process in which everyone is simultaneously a sender and a receiver.
Intrapersonal Communication
communication you have with yourself
Interpersonal Communication
Occurs between two people in the context of their ongoing relationship. (Most common form)
Small Group Communication
Within groups of 3-20
Public Communication
Speak/Write to larger audience
Mass Communication
Transmitted by media
Language
structured system of symbols used for communicating meaning.
Symbolic
each word represents a particular object or idea, but it does not constitute the object or idea itself.
Arbitrary
Words literally mean whatever we chose for them to be.
Phonological Rules
deal with the correct pronunciation of a word, and they vary from language to language.
Syntactic Rules
Govern the order of words within phrases and clauses.
Semantic Rules
Has to do with the meaning of individual words.
Pragmatic Rules
Deals with the implications or interpretations of statements.
Denotative Meaning
dictionary definition
Connotative Meaning
the ideas or concepts the word suggests in addition to its literal definition
Loaded Language
words with strongly positive or negative connotations. Reflects the fact that denotations and connotations represent different layers of meaning.
Ambiguous Language
making a statement that we can interpret to have more than one meaning.
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
language shapes our views of reality. Language influences the ways members of a culture see the world. Societies attitudes and behaviors are reflected in this language.
Cliches
words or phrases that were novel at one time but have lost their effect owing to overuse.
Dialects
language variations shared by people region or social class.
Equivocation
language that disguises that speakers true intentions through strategic ambiguity.
Weasel Words
term or phrase intended to mislead listeners by implying something they don't actually say.
Allness Statement
All, everyone, always etc...
Anchor-and-contrast Approach
A persuasion technique by which one preceded a desired request with a request that is much larger.
Norm of Reciprocity
The expectation that favors are reciprocated.
Social Validation Principle
the idea that people will comply with requests if they believe that others are also complying.
Euphemism
a vague, mild expression that symbolizes and substitues for something that is blunter or harsher. (We use this when we want to talk about sensitive topics without making others feel embarrassed or offended).
Slang
the informal and inconventional words that are often understood only by others in a particular group. (Helps distinguish between those who do and don't belong in their particular social networks).
Hate Speech
specific form of profanity meant to degrade, intimidate, or dehumanize people based on their sex, national origin, sexual orientation, religion, race, disability status, or political or moral values.
Opinions from facts
makes an assertion that we can verify with evidence and show to be true or false.
Appropriate Levels
Knowing how simple or complex your language should be for your audience. Talking over their heads/ talking down.
I-statement
claims ownership of what a communicator is feeling or thinking, where as a you-statement shifts that responsibility to the other person.
Cultivation Theory
the theory that television encourages or cultivates a distorted view of the world among heavy viewers.
Agenda Setting Theory
the theory that media tells people what to think about determining what they watch, read, and hear.
Media Effects
the influences media has on people's everyday lives.
Uses and gratification
a theory that leads researchers to explore needs other than validation that media messages fulfill for people.
Selective Exposure
process whereby we seek media messages that match our values rather than those who do not.
How to create information hunger
By connecting the information in your speech to one or more of your listeners' needs, you make that information relevant to them and thereby motivate the audience to pay attention to your words and message.
Extemporaneous Speech
One that is carefully prepared to sound like it is being delivered spontaneously. Natural, conversational manner. Minimal notes allow for eye contact. Difficult in a narrow time frame.
Scripted Speech
composed word for word on a manuscript and then read aloud exactly as it is written. Easiest form of speech as it is just reading. Can be time consuming to write out drafts.
Memorized Speech
a speech you compose word for word and then deliver from memory. No notes help with eye contact. Must write speech and commit to memory, which takes a lot of time.
Impromptu Speech
a speech you deliver on the spot, with little or no preparation. Requires little preparation. Spontaneously have to organize your thoughts.
Rules of Parallel Wording
states that all points and subpoints in your outline should have the same grammatical structure.
Rule of Division
specifies that if you divide a point into subpoints, you must create at least two subpoint.
Rule of subordination
some concepts in your speech are more important than others.
Catalytic Theory
watching violence encourages real life violence, but only if other influences are present.
Desensitization theory
people's acceptance of real-life violence grows as they see more violence reflected in the media.
Agenda setting
media tells people what to think about by determining what they watch/read/hear.
Chronemics
the use of time.
Haptics
study of how we use touch to communicate.
Johari Window of self-disclosure
a visual representation of components of the self that are known or unknown to the self and to others. (open/hidden/blind/unknown areas)
Self-monitoring
awareness of how you look/sound/how behavior is affecting those around you. high=more comfortable in social situations. low=hard to put audience at ease.