Capacity to bring out some outcome to effect changes or to prevent them from occurring.
power
2 kinds of power
1. collective
2. positive
Power to achieve shared goals
collective power
power that serves interest of others
positive power
what are the 3 dimensions of power?
1D view
2D view
3D view
view where power is observed when 1 party (family to organization) prevails into a conflict.
1 dimensional view
when is power observable?
when one party prevails in a conflict
this is the notion that a small group will always retain power to effectuate their desired outcomes.
power elite
who came up with power elite?
mills
-as long as competing groups or interest groups have sufficient power to participate, the final outcome of any policy or political controversy will reflect the preferences of the majority of citizens.
-multiple small groups retain power
pluralism thesis
came up with pluralism thesis
dahl
what do people who support pluralism thesis say about it?
as long as competing groups have power to participate then the majorities ideas or preferences are represented
what do critics of the pluralism thesis say about it?
it is only useful when the conflict is observable and obvious
the one dimensional view focuses on the ________ of the conflict
outcomes
view that examines why some issues are debated but not others or it examines who has the power to decide
2 dimensional view
Act of consciously or unconsciously averting the challenge of potential issues
(-Powerful, dominant elite interests.
-Any interest contrary to elite interests.)
agenda setting
we see the 2D view occurring in the use of an ___
agenda setting
2D view focuses on why things are __
shown (Clintons affair in 90s today instead of todays events).
Why is agenda setting in politics important? (2)
1-Mass media influences politicians & policymakers or the other way around.
2-Power holders prevent subordinate groups from raising issues.
We observe the 2D of power when the power holder can ____
successfully prevent a subordinate party (small business owners) from raising issues that would challenge the dominant party's authority.
- the internalization of the dominant groups ideas
- dominant party maintains its status by influencing the subordinate party to support or think the way the former does, even when it is not in the latter's interest to do so.
3 dimensional view
why is the 3D view the most powerful view?
because it is the least observable/seen
the 4 points of power in the 3D view
1. power always involves behavior
2. power can be caused without exercising it (Bc of status/wealth)
3. powerful people can often attract others
4. power by persuasion can be used to maintain the status quo
ppl wont advertise if they are threated (ex. Told that they would go to jail).
threat of punishment
what 2 things does invisible power reflect?
1-Ability of power holder to keep challenges from arising in 1st place
2-Capacity of a power holder to convince subordinate groups that it is in their best interests to support the status quo.
when does 3D power reveal itself ?
when the weak embrace the interests of the powerful as their own.
when is power most effective?
when it is least observable
one kind of power occurs when one individual/group ______ another individual/group
has control/power over
includes all formal political institutions & legal system of any society
state
what is the states main goal?
to regulate the economy
the state power is operationalized through what?
government bureaucracies (issue & administer regulations, AND enforce laws/government policies).
what is the role of the state? (2)
Enforce contracts & regulates economy
what is the policy of the state?
general interest off all, but the details of policy have enormous consequences for the distribution of power.
in theory, the state is to prevent what?
economic actors from harming innocent 3rd parties.
theory tht says the state has powerful incentive to support big business & their interests.
Business Confidence theory
under the Business Confidence theory, why does policy need to support/favor the powerful?
because its good for the people
Corporate executives and wealthy have disproportionate resources to
influence political life
relative political power
2 examples of social support programs that are counter to actually bennifitting society
1. tax policies
2. anti poverty porograms
a financial charge levied by the govt upon a person, such that failure to pay is punishable under law.
tax
why do we have taxes (2)
Role of government:
1 to focus on quality of life of citizens
2 alter behavior to fit goals of country.
How Does the Government Impose Taxes Upon Citizens (2)
1. direct tax
2. indirect tax
Income taxes - government collects it - you pay it directly through an income tax scheme - US Progressive tax system
*more $ you make, the more you pay
direct tax
-Sales taxes or any type of tax that is passed to the consumer when purchasing a product or service.
-you have the choice to pay
indirect tax
indirect taxes can be _____
shifted
that those who have higher incomes can better afford to contribute a somewhat higher share of their income to pay for government programs that benefit everyone.
progressive income tax system
a system of elections in which the seats in a legislature are divided based on % of votes received
proportional representation
term used to describe an organization set up to collect political donations from people, corporations or unions to influence political & electorial outcomes
political action committee
a small group of people selected at random who are similar to the entire population
representitve sample
the views that citizens have about topics
public opinion
how are public opinions measured?
polls & surveys
what do public opinion surveys show about americans?
show that Americans hold contradictory views about policies designed to reduce inequality and poverty.
Integration of economic activities across national borders
globalization
sell goods to other countries
export
get/buy goods from other countries
import
3 beggingings of globalization
1-Infrastructural transformation & revolutionary changes(railroads & steam ships)
2-Communication (telegraph)
3-Social Structure Transformation(expansion in consumer markets. & ppl became market dependent)
how do we measure global economic integration?
by looking at GDP (gross domestic product)
the value of all goods and services sold in the market within a defined period.
GDP (gross domestic product)
2 key factors of production
rise in emmigration & foreign investment
what was the social structure transformation
shift in economics from precapitalistic where mass consumer markets were highly restricted to capitalist markets
the social strusture transformation made every one becomeehat?
marekt dependent
firms in 1 contry ivest in another
FDI foregn diect investment
companies tht sell product to more than 1 gcountry
TNCS
foreign trade is conduscted by what?
tncs
in classical economics, the market inpoliwes an exchange of goods between (2)
buyers & sellers
buyer and seller are assumed to have knowledge about the good or service they are buying or selling and both participants are thought to be making decisions that they think will improve their individual well being.
idea rational choice perspective
repeated interactions between markets & shred understanding
sociological definition
how are interactions carried out? (2)
formal & informal rules
Rational choice perspective.
-both participants have equal decision making power.
-exchange can happen in a second.
-*
have choice to pay, or to not pay
*
classical economics
Repeated Interactions: carried out through formal & informal rules
-Shared Understanding
-**Something you have always engaged in & if you want, you pay
sociological definitions
for markets to exist there must be what?
a shared understanding on trades
buyers, sellers & producers engage in the exchange of commodities & services
market capitqlism
: government decides what goods are needed & should be produced.
central planning
Government owns property & controls production
socialism
people who start businesses
-Businesses rise when outsourcing our lives
entreprenuers