abstinence violation effect

the core feature of relapse prevention, which focuses on a person's cognitive and affective responses to re-engaging in a prohibited behavior

agonist substitution

a type of therapy that substitutes a chemically similar medication for the drug of abuse

alcohol cirrhosis

a liver disease that occurs in about 10 to 15% of people with alcoholism

amphetamines

a group of stimulant drugs that prolong wakefulness and suppress appetite

antabuse

an aversive medication that pairs the ingestion of a drug with a noxious physical reaction

aversion therapy

a treatment approach that repeatedly pairs drug or alcohol use with an aversive stimulus or images

barbiturates

sedatives that act on the GABA system in a manner similar to alcohol

benzodiazepines

a group of sedatives that can be used responsibly and effectively for the short term but still have addictive properties

caffeine

a CNS stimulant that boosts energy, mood, awareness, concentration and wakefulness

cocaine

a stimulant that comes from the leaves of the coca plant that is indigenous to South America

contingency management approaches

a treatment approach in which rewards are provided for treatment compliance

crystal methamphetamine

a form of methamphetamine that produces longer lasting and more intense physiological reactions than the powdered form

delirium tremens

a symptom characterized by disorientation, severe agitation, high blood pressure, and fever, which can last up to 3 to 4 days after stopping drinking

detoxification

a medically supervised drug withdrawal

ecstasy

the pill form of methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), a common "club" drug and a frequent trigger for emergency room visits

fetal alcohol syndrome

a condition in babies that occurs when pregnant mothers drink alcohol and it passes through the placenta and harms the developing fetus; it is the leading known preventable environmental cause of intellectual disability

hallucinogens

drugs that produce altered states of bodily perception and sensations, intense emotions, detachment from self and environment, and, for some users, felling of insight with mystical or religious significance

inhalants

the vapors from a variety of chemicals that yield an immediate effect of euphoria or sedation and can cause permanent damage to all organ systems including the brain

lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

a synthetic hallucinogen, first synthesized in 1938

marijuana

a drug derived from the cannabis sativa plant that produces mild intoxication

methadone

the most widely known agonist substitute; used as a replacement for heroin

nicotine

a highly addictive component of tobacco that is considered to be both a stimulant and a sedative

nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)

a safe and effective therapy used as part of a comprehensive smoking cessation program

opioids

a drug group derived from the opium poppy, which includes heroin, morphine and codeine

relapse prevention

the treatment approach that uses functional analysis to identify the antecedents and consequences of drug use and then develops alternative cognitive and behavioral skills to reduce the risk of future drug use

sedative drugs

the substance group including barbiturates and benzodiazepines, which are CNS depressants and cause sedation and decrease anxiety

substance intoxication

the acute effects of substance use

substance use

the low to moderate experience with a substance that does not produce problems with social, educational, or occupational functioning

tetrahydrocannabinol

the active ingredient in marijuana

tolerance

the diminished response to a drug after repeated exposure to it

transtheoretical model

a five-stage sequential model of behavioral change

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

a condition caused by deficiencies in thiamine secondary to alcohol dependence

withdrawal

a set of symptoms associated with physical dependence on a drug that occur when the drug is no longer taken