Insula
taste disturbance
loss of hearing
Periaqueductal Gray
diplopia
lateral strabismus
ptosis
mydriasis
Middle Cerebellar Peduncle
ataxia
Flocculus
ataxia
Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
dysdiadochokinesia
ataxia
Decussation of the Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
dysdiadochokinesia
ataxia
Vermis
hypotonia
ataxia
dysmetria
intention tremors
Fasciculus Gracilis
ipsilateral loss of deep sensibility from T6 down
Fasciculus Cuneatus
ipsilateral loss of deep sensibility from T6 up
Corticospinal Fibers
contralateral spastic paralysis
Precentral Gyrus
(Motor Cortex)
contralateral spastic paralysis
contralateral loss/reduction voluntary movement
contralateral spastic paralysis (distal flexors)
clasped knife rigidity
Babinski sign
Occipitotemporal Gyrus
agnosia
prosopoagnosia
Occipital Lobe
anopsia
Locus Coeruleus
REM sleep compromised
Vestibular Area
vertigo
nystagmus
Cerebral Aqueduct
hydrocephalus
Septal Area
transient fits of rage
increased water consumption
Parahippocampal Gyrus
loss of vital (limbic) functions: feeding, reproduction, emotion, and memory
loss of olfaction
Postcentral Gyrus
contralateral sensory loss
Inferior Frontal Gyrus
Broca's aphasia
expressive aphasia
Vagal Trigone
dysphagia
dysphonia
loss of parasympathetics
loss of gag reflex
Hypoglossal Trigone
ipsilateral tongue paralysis
Epithalamus
fits of rage
Supraoptic Nucleus
diabetes insipidus
polydipsia
polyuria
Tonsil
dysmetria
intention tremors
Medial Geniculate Body
diminished hearing, more pronounced contralaterally
Dorsal Rootlet(s)
ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature
ipsilateral loss of deep sensibility
ipsilateral flaccid paralysis
Acoustic Tubercle
loss of hearing
Superior Medullary Velum
inability to look down and in
(trochlear nerve decussates here)
Inferior Parietal Lobule
Wernicke's aphasia
receptive aphasia
Ventral Root(lets)
flaccid paralysis
atrophy
hypotonia
hyporeflexia
fasciculations
fibrillations
Pyramid
contralateral spastic paralysis
Pyramidal Decussation
bilateral spastic paralysis
Olive, Inferior Olivary Nucleus
ataxia
Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle
ipsilateral ataxia
Posterior Limb of Internal Capsule
contralateral spastic paralysis (distal flexors)
clasped knife rigidity
Babinski sign
Basilar Pons
contralateral spastic paralysis (distal flexors)
clasped knife rigidity
Babinski sign
Crus Cerebri
contralateral spastic paralysis (distal flexors)
clasped knife rigidity
Babinski sign
Red Nucleus
contralateral spastic paralysis (distal flexors)
clasped knife rigidity
Babinski sign
Facial Colliculus
Abducent: diplopia, medial strabismus
Facial: Bell's Palsy
Inferior Colliculus
contralateral hearing loss
Auditory Radiation
contralateral hearing loss
Optic Nerve
anopsia (loss of vision)
Superior Colliculus
lose light reflexes
Lateral Geniculate Body
contralateral homonymous hemianopsia
Optic Tract
contralateral homonymous hemianopsia
Optic Radiation
contralateral homonymous hemianopsia
Cuneus
contralateral homonymous lower quadrant anopsia with sparing of macula
Lingual Gyrus
contralateral homonymous upper quadrant anopsia with sparing of macula
Dentate Nucleus
decomposition of movement
(must think of subconscious movements)
truncal ataxia: dysrhythmia, dysdiadochokinesia
Lateral Cerebellar Hemispheres
decomposition of movement
think of subconscious movements
truncal ataxia: dysrhythmia, dysdiadochokinesia
Flocculonodular Lobe and Vermis
truncal ataxia and incoordination
unable to perform tandem gait
unsteady with eyes open/close during Romberg's test
Medial Olfactory Stria
cannot communicate with contralateral olfactory bulb
Anterior Commissure
cannot communicate with contralateral olfactory bulb
Lateral Olfactory Stria
olfaction loss
Fasciculus Cuneatus
ipsilateral loss of deep sensibility, T6 up
Fasciculus Gracilis
ipsilateral loss of deep sensibility, T6 down
Caudate Nucleus
Wilson's Disease
Lentiform Nucleus
dystonia musculorum deformans
Wilson's Disease
Putamen
dystonia musculorum deformans
Wilson's Disease
Globus Pallidus II, I
athetosis
dystonia musculorum deformans
Wilson's Disease
Subthalamic Nucleus
Wilson's Disease
ballism
Substantia Nigra
Wilson's Disease
Parkinson's Disease
Hippocampus
defects in explicit memory and spatial orientation
Dentate Gyrus
defects in explicit memory and spatial orientation
Mammillary Bodies
defects in spatial orientation
loss of memory and emotions
Korsakoff's psychosis
Cingulate Gyrus
defects in explicit memory and spatial orientation
Amygdala
diminished capacity for fear conditioning
possible amnesia
Medial Temporal Lobe
loss of explicit memory
Bilateral Temporal Lobes
(Amygdale + Hippocampus)
Kluver Bucy Syndrome
visual agnosia
hyperorality
hypersexuality
docility
apathy
bulimia
memory deficit
I - Olfactory
anosmia
II - Optic
anopsia
III - Oculomotor
diplopia
lateral strabismus
ptosis
mydriasis
cycloplegia
IV - Trochlear
diplopia
difficulty looking down and in
V - Trigeminal
trigeminal neuralgia
facial numbness
inability/difficulty to bite down
VI - Abducent
diplopia
medial strabismus
VII - Facial
Bell's Palsy
loss of taste from anterior 2/3rd of tongue
ipsilateral ptosis
VIII - Vestibulocochlear
vertigo
nystagmus
disequilibrium
hearing loss
tinnitus
Meniere's Disease
IX - Glossopharyngeal
hypotension/hypertension
pain or loss of sensation in nasopharyngeal area
reduced/absent gag reflex
loss of taste on posterior tongue
X - Vagus
dysphonia
dysphagia
loss of gag reflex
uvula deviation to strong side
XI - Accessory
dysphonia
dysphagia
unable to rotate head
unable to elevate shoulders
XII - Hypoglossal
ipsilateral tongue paralysis
atrophy
Precentral gyrus (upper)+ paracentral lobule (lower)
contralateral spastic paralysis
Premotor and Supplementary Motor Cortex
loss of motor preparation and programming
Prefrontal cortex
loss of motor integration and planning
loss of judgement
loss of language production on dominant hemisphere
Transverse Temporal Gyri of Hescl
loss of primary auditory cortex
Gustatory Cortex
loss of taste from tongue and epiglottis
Postcentral Gyrus + Paracentral Lobule
contralateral loss of sensation
Superior and Inferior Parietal Lobules
asterognosis
personal neglect syndrome
spatial neglect syndrome
Wernicke's aphasia
receptive aphasia
Anterior Tubercle
loss of memory and emotions
Korsakoff's syndrome
Pulvinar
impaired visual reflex
impaired eye movement
Habenula
loss of olfaction reflexes
Posterior Commissure
loss of visual reflexes
Pineal Gland
precocious puberty