taproot
thick primary roots; grow deep into soil
fibrous roots
many thin roots branching off and replacing primary root; shallow
primary growth
growth in length; produced by apical and intercalary meristems
secondary growth
growth in diameter; produced by the lateral meristems
vascular cambium
tissue that produces vascular tissue and increases the thickness of cells over time
cork cambium
tissue that produces the outer covering of stems
monocot stems
stem in which vascular bundles are scattered throughout the ground tissue
dicot stems
stem in which vascular tissues appear as a single ring of bundles between the cortex and the pith
cuticle
a waxy, protective covering on plant surfaces that prevents water loss
transpiration
the loss of water through leaves
guard cells
cells that surround the stomata and control their opening and closing
adhesion
attraction between unlike molecules
capillary action
the tendency of water to rise in a thin tube
cohesion
an attractive force that holds molecules of a single substance together
stoma
small opening in the epidermis
anther
structure in which male gametophytes are produced
pistil
a single carpel or several fused carpels
stamen
male parts of a flower
stigma
the sticky area at the top of the style where pollen grains often land
filament
stalklike; supports an anther; innermost whorl contains female reproductive structures (carpels)
ovary
the female part of the flower that encloses the egg(s)