what two things can stop transcription prematurely?
attenuation and riboswitches
Transcription can be regulated by controlling transcription ________________
termination
This regulation of transcription elongation/termination, called ________________, was first demonstrated with trp operon
attenuation
More recently, riboswitches have been demonstrated to also play a regulatory role in...?
transcription elongation/termination
In addition to transcription initiation control, transcription continuation is also controlled in what operon?
trp
Attenuation is termination of transcription within the...?
leader region (leader peptide)
attenuation of the trp operon occurs through ___________________ structures in the mRNA depending on trp level
stem-loop
what are riboswitches?
sensory RNAs
a specialized form of transcription attenuation
riboswitches
Folding of mRNA ___________ sequence (the riboswitch) determines if transcription will continue/terminate
leader
Folding pattern of mRNA leader sequence is altered in response to mRNA binding of an _____________ molecule
effector
riboswitches in ______________________ bacteria function in transcriptional termination
Gram-positive
riboswitches and small RNAs can control...?
translation
Riboswitches in Gram-negative bacteria regulate _________________ of mRNA
translation
effector binding elements at 5' end alters mRNA leader...?
folding pattern
Translation initiation can also be controlled by some...?
small RNA molecules
Small (sRNAs) or noncoding (ncRNAs) RNAs do NOT function as...? (3)
mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA
_____________ RNAs are complementary to mRNA and function by base pairing
antisense
what two types of small RNA molecules may inhibit or enhance translation?
sRNAs (small RNA) and ncRNAs (noncoding RNA)