10 Percent Plan
Proposed by Lincoln in 1863 to reconstruct the South.
13thAmendment
1865 abolished slavery in all areas of the United States. Major achievement of the Civil War
14th Amendment
1868 defined citizens legally.
15th Amendment
1870 forbade the states and federal government to deny any citizen suffrage based on "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." Major achievement of reconstruction as allowed blacks to vote.
Adams, John
Second president of United States—made peace with France before he left office—appointed midnight judges—alienated his Federalist party—passed Alien and Sedition Acts.
Adams-Onis Treaty
Also called the Transcontinental Treaty was ratified in 1819 with the Spanish. America gave up all claims to Texas; Spanish give up claims to Oregon and cede Florida to US.
Adams, Samuel
Major colonial leader in Boston. Organized Sons of Liberty and Committees of Correspondence. One of the radicals pushing for Independence early on.
Albany Plan of Union:
: 1754 a conference of colonial leaders who met in Albany to negotiate a treaty with the Iroquois and talked about forming a defense league against Indians in general would form "one general government" to rule the colonies.
Alien and Sedition Acts
Passed in 1798: Alien act placed new obstacles in the way of foreigners who wished to become citizens and it strengthened the president's hand in dealing with Aliens. The Sedition Act allowed the government to prosecute those who engaged in "sedition" against the government.
American Anti-Slavery Society
abolitionist group founded by William Garrison in 1833 with a quarter-million members.
Anthony, Susan B.
Member of the women's rights movement and the Seneca Falls Convention. - founded the National Woman's Loyal League in 1863 and worked simultaneously for the abolition of slavery and women's suffrage,
Antietam
(1862) bloodiest battle of the Civil War.
Antifederalism:
People in this group opposed the Constitution because it placed obstacles between the people and the exercise of power, wanted a Bill of Rights.
Anti-Masons
opposed Andrew Jackson, a Mason and drew much of their support from evangelical Protestants.
Articles of Confederation
1777, provided for a national gov't structure similar to the one in operation. Not ratified until 1781. No separate executive, each state would have a single vote in Congress all thirteen would have to approve Articles before they could be ratified or amended
Aztecs
Native American empire that controlled present-day Mexico until 1521, when they were conquered by Spanish Hernan Cortes.
Bacon's Rebellion
1676 in Virginia, disgruntled group eventually burns Jamestown. Showed danger of newly freed servants or indentured servants, and unrest in Virginia.
Battle of Horseshoe Bend
Battle during War of 1812 where Creeks were defeated—ended serious resistance to US in the current Southeast area. Only resistance remains in Florida.
Battle of New Orleans
January 1815. Resounding victory of American forces against the British, restoring American confidence and fueling an outpouring of nationalism. Final battle of the war of 1812.
Battle of Saratoga
1777: First major military victory by colonists, which convinced French in 1778 to form an alliance with US-giving us much need manpower, weapons, ships, etc.
Battle of Yorktown
Americans defeat British General Cornwallis with the aid of the French. Ends the American Revolution.
Beecher, Catherine;
Member of the women's rights movement and the Seneca Falls Convention. Created women's educational schools
Bill of Rights
the most major concern of the Antifederalists. The belief in this was a product of the belief that no government could be trusted to protect the liberties of its citizens.
Black Codes
laws made in the South during Reconstruction to gain control over black workers.
Bleeding Kansas
fights in Kansas over slavery; under the Kansas Nebraska Act slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty so pro- and anti-slavery supported conflicts
British Whigs
These were radical members of the British Whig party who influenced colonists to fear corruption (see republicanism)—they had a specific brand of republicanism.
Brown, John
Radical abolitionist who leads a raid on pro-slavery settlers in Pottawatomie, Kansas (1856) during Bleeding Kansas and kills five people, presumed to be proslavery supporters.
Calvinism
Dominant theological credo of the New England Puritans based on the teachings of John Calvin. Calvinists believed in predestination—that only "the elect" were destined for salvation.
Carpetbaggers
Pejorative used by southern whites to describe northern businessmen and politicians who came to the South after the Civil War to work on Reconstruction projects or invest in southern infrastructure.
Coercive/ Intolerable Acts
After the Boston Tea party, Parliament passed several acts in 1774 to punish the colonists.
Columbian Exchange
The transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492.
Committees of Correspondence
Local committees established across Mass.
Common Sense
Written my Thomas Paine, it helped change the American outlook to wanting independence.
Compromise of 1850
engineered by Henry Clay, John Calhoun, Daniel Webster; takes on this issue of slave territories
Compromise of 1877
Hayes (Republican) was elected, but a compromise with the Democrats had to be made. It was that the \army would leave the south, effectively ending reconstruction.
Conquistadores
Sixteenth-century Spaniards who fanned out across the Americas.
Cooper, James F.
1820s: First Great American Novelist.
Copperheads
Name applied by Northerners to those northern political supporters opposed to war and sympathetic to the South
Crittenden Compromise
(1861) called for constitutional amendments guaranteeing the legality of slavery in slave states
Cult of Domesticity:
The separate woman's "sphere" which was a byproduct of the male belief that there should be a distinction between the public and private worlds.
Declaration of Independence
July 4, 1776: allowed Americans to appeal for foreign aid and served as an inspiration for later revolutionary movements worldwide.
Declaratory Act
1766; Passed by Parliament after repeal of the Stamp Act. Asserted Parliament's authority over the colonies "in all cases whatsoever." Americans did not pay attention to this act.
Dix, Dorothea
Member of the women's rights movement and the Seneca Falls Convention
Douglas, Stephen
served as a Senator from Illinois in the 1830s to 1860s. Most notably pushed Compromise of 1850 and Kansas-Nebraska act through congress
Douglass, Frederick
former slave, noted abolitionist lecturer, founded abolitionistnewspaper North Star.
Dred Scott Decision-
1857 supreme court decision in which Dred Scott (a slave) was denied his freedom even though he had lived in free territory north of the Missouri Compromise line.
Edwards, Jonathan
Preacher during the First Great Awakening (1740s) attacked the new idea of salvation for all.
Election of 1864
Peace Candidate George McClellan v. Lincoln.
Emancipation Proclamation
proclamation by Abraham Lincoln in Sept. 1862 that freed slaves in those rebellious states under Union control.
Embargo Act
Refused to trade with Britain or France until they acknowledged our rights as neutrals.
Emerson, Ralph W.
The leader of the transcendentalists who devoted himself to writing poetry and essays and teaching transcendentalism.
Enlightenment:
The product of scientific and intellectual discoveries in Europe.
Erie Canal
An engineering triumph that provided a route to the Great Lakes
Finney, Charles G.
Evangelical Protestant minister.
First Continental Congress
1774: Convention of delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies that convened in Philadelphia to craft a response to the Intolerable Acts.
Fitzhugh, George
Pro-Slavery author in the South before the Civil War. Advocated a feudal society in the South.
Fort Sumter
April 1861 first battle of Civil War, fort in South Carolina fired on by Charleston, SC battery.
Franklin, Benjamin
Inventor, diplomat, and leading revolutionary.
Free Soil Party
(1848) wanted to stop the spread of slavery to help whites, named because it dealt with what to do with the newly acquired or annexed land and additional population.
Freedmen's Bureau
1865-72; Created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education and legal support.
Freeport Doctrine
Lincoln asked Douglas whether or not people in a territory could exclude slavery prior to the formation of a state constitution.
Fugitive Slave Act/Law
1850; Passed as par tof the Compromise of 1850 it set high penalties for anyone who aided escaped slaves.
Funding and Assumption
Decision by Hamilton to fund the national debt and assume the state debt to ensure full faith and credit to the US by foreign nations.
Gag Rule
Adopted by House of Reps. In 1836 it required the tabling of all antislavery petitions without discussion.
Gang System
Most common system used in slave labor. Slaves were forced to work as many hours as the overseer considered reasonable
Garrison, William Lloyd
In 1831 formed anti-slavery newspaper the Liberator -Brought revolutionary philosophy to the anti-slavery movement to view slavery from the black perspective.
Gettysburg
July 1863—Northern victory with huge losses to both sides. South no longer has enough manpower to go on the offensive in the North
Glorious Revolution
1688: Relatively peaceful overthrow of the unpopular Catholic monarch, James II
Great Awakening
Every person could break away from the constraints of the past and start anew with their relationship with God.
Greenbacks
Paper currency used during the Civil War in the North.
Hamilton's Fiscal Plan
First major plan in Washington Administration.
Harper's Ferry
October 16, 1859, John Brown, an antislavery, extremist, and 18 others attacked and seized a federal arsenal, in Harpers Ferry, Virginia.
Hartford Convention
1814 delegates from the New England states met to discuss their grievances concerning the War of 1812.
Homestead Act
settlers were able to buy 160 acres cheaply if they occupied they land for 5 years.
Horace Mann
A great educational reformer
Indentured Servants
During colonial period, a white person whose passage to the New World was paid for by an American planter or company in exchange for several years of labor.
Independent Sub-Treasury
where the gov't would place funds in independent treasuries so that the gov't money would be safe from speculation
Jay's Treaty
Negotiated with Britain to get them out of NW territory, establish commercial relations with British W.
Jefferson, Thomas
Third president of United States—Louisiana Purchase, Lewis and Clark expedition, Embargo Act, Non-intercourse Act, reduced Army and Navy, first Indian Policy.
Judiciary Act of 1789
Created the federal court system. Later part of it was declared unconstitutional in Marbury v. Madison
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Intended to determine the slave status of the territory by popular sovereignty.
King Philip/King Philip's War
1675-76; Series of assaults by Metacom, King Philip, on English settlements in New England.
Know-Nothings/American Party
1850s: nativist party that advocated temperance- which was anti-immigrant because Irish and Germans drank
Ku Klux Klan
Group for white supremacy
League of the Iroquois
Powerful group of five, later six, Native American tribes—mostly in NY, could command attention from colonists, British and French because of fur trade.
Leisler's Rebellion
1689-1691; Armed conflict between aspiring merchants led by Jacob Leisler and the ruling elite of New York.
Lexington and Concord
April, 1775; First battles of the Revolutionary War, fought outside of Boston.
Liberator
1831-1865; Antislavery newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison
Liberty Party
1840) political party, anti-slavery but not strongly abolitionist.
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
between Democrat Stephen Douglas and Republican Abraham Lincoln over Illinois senate seat; Douglas won, Lincoln gained national prominence.
Louisiana Purchase
1803: Jefferson had negotiated the purchase of New Orleans to avoid war with France and Political downfall.
Luther, Martin
led the Protestant Reformation in England where he challenged the belief that salvation was obtained through good works or loyalty to church.
Maine Law
Maine passed a law in its legislature restricting the sale and consumption of alcohol
Manifest Destiny
belief that it was the United States 's ultimate destiny to stretch from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific- fueled desire for land
Marbury v. Madison
1803: Supreme Court declared its first congressional act unconstitutional. Asserted the power of the court to nullify an act of congress (Judiciary Act of 1789). Created principle of judicial review.
Market Economy/Revolution
18th and 19th century transformation from a disaggregated, subsistence economy to a nation commercial and industrial network
Marshall, John
Dominated the Supreme Court from 1801-1835.
McCormick Reaper
1831; Mechanized the harvest of grains, such as wheat, allowing farmers to cultivate larger plots.
McCulloch v. Maryland
1819; Supreme Court case that strengthened federal authority and upheld the constitutionality of the Bank
Mercantilism:
The nation as a whole was the principle actor in the economy, not the individuals within it.
Middle Passage
the journey to America that black slaves made across the Atlantic.
Midnight appointments
when Adams quickly appointed Federalists to the newly created positions as the Republicans won in 1801
Missouri Compromise
1820 Maine would be admitted as a free state and Missouri as a slave state.
Monroe Doctrine
1823; Statement delivered by President James Monroe warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas.
Mormons
Started by Joseph Smith, They believe in human perfectibility, a militarized social structure with an emphasis on family and in genealogy
Morrill Land Grant Act
1862 gave states the ownership of public (federal) lands to use to create/support state universities.
Morrill Tariff
1861: Increased duties back up to 1846 levels to raise revenue for the Civil War.
Nativism
Defense of Native born Americans and hostility to the foreign born.
New Jersey Plan
Presented by William Paterson during the national convention in 1787. Proposed for a "federal" as opposed to a "national" government.
Non- Intercourse Act
Promised to open trade exclusively with England or France depending on which one recognized freedom of the seas and rights of neutrals.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
A law governing western settlement.
Nullification Proclamation
South Carolina in 1832 nullified the tariffs, Jackson approved a "force bill" illustrated that no one state could defy the federal government alone.
Olive Branch Petition
Sent to England. An appeal to the king explaining why America wanted freedom from England.
Paternalism-
the female factory workers had relatively high working standards.
Paxton Boys
1764; Armed march on Philadelphia by Scots-Irish frontiersmen in protest against the Quaker establishment's lenient policies toward Native Americans.
Penn, William
Became an evangelist for Quakerism.
Perfectionism
Arose as part of the 2nd Great Awakening (1800-1850). Was belief that man could be "perfected
Pinckney's Treaty
Spain recognized the right of Americans to navigate the Mississippi to its mouth and to deposit goods at New Orleans for reloading on oceangoing ships
Pitt, William
British Prime Minister during Seven Years' War—took control and ensured British victory in America.
Popular Sovereignty
question of slavery in a territory would be decided by popular vote
Powhatan Confederacy
Large confederacy of Indian tribes led by Powhatan in Virginia. Successful for many years in keeping Virginians off Indian lands
Predestination:
God "elected" some people to be saved and condemned others to damnation.
Proclamation of 1763
Passed by British to stop colonial settlement west of Appalachian Mountains.
Protestant Reformation
Began in Germany in 1517 when Martin Luther challenged the basic practices and beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church.
Pueblo/Popé's Revolt
1680; Pueblo Indian rebellion
repbulicanism
Political philosophy that undergirded the American revolution. Republicans believed that a gov't with virtuous representatives was the best government.
Republican Motherhood
It was duty of mothers to turn their children to well-rounded
Regulator movement
1768-1771: Eventually violent uprising of backcountry settlers in North Carolina against unfair taxation and the control of colonial affairs by the seaboard elite.
Romanticism
Was characterized by an optimistic faith in human nature and a desire for order and control
Scalawags
Derogatory term for pro-Union Southerners whom Southern Democrats accused of plundering the resources
Second Continental Congress
Sends Olive Branch Petition to England in 1775.
Second Great Awakening
individuals must readmit God and Christ into their daily lives.
Seneca Falls Convention
1848: Meeting in New York, Women such as Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton meet to begin a woman's rights movements.
Separatists
Small group of Puritans who sought to break away entirely from the Church of England
Seven Years War:
victory confirms England's commercial supremacy and control of the settled regions of North America, because France is thrown out.
Shakers
Named after a unique religious ritual - a dance in which they would shake off their sins while chanting their commitment to celibacy.
sharecropping
mostly African Americans were tenants on whites land and would pay a fixed rate or give the land owner part of the crop to pay rent.
Shay's Rebellion
1786: Armed uprising of western Massachusetts debtors seeking lower taxes and an end to property foreclosures.
Sherman's March
1864-1865; Union General William Tecumseh Sherman's destructive march through Georgia.
Slave Power
Term used by Northerners to describe Southerners.
Stamp Act of 1765
Imposed a tax on most printed documents in the colonies: newspapers, almanacs, pamphlets, deeds, wills, and licenses.
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady
founded the National Woman's Loyal League
Stowe, Harriet Beecher
Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin and was involved in the women's rights movement
Sugar Act
1764; Duty on imported sugar from the West Indies.
Sumner, Charles
Leading Republican who is caned in the Senate by Preston Brooks for speaking against Brooks's uncle.
Tariff of Abominations
South Carolina nickname for the Tariff of 1828.
Task System
Secondary system of slave labor. Used mainly on rice plantations.
Tea Act:
1773--passed to save Britain's East India company that had too much tea they couldn't sell
Tecumseh
Shawnee leader in Ohio/Indiana area during war of 1812.
Temperance
A crusade against drunkenness spurred by evangelical Protestantism.
Tenure of Office Act
prevented the president from removing civil officials even in his own cabinet without the senate's consent.
Texas Revolution
Texans became independent of Mexico, founded Republic of Texas.
The American System
1820s; Henry Clay's three-pronged system to promote American industry.
The Association
1774; Non-importation agreement
The Bank War
Refers to conflict between Andrew Jackson (president) and Nicholas Biddle
The Federalist Papers
were a series of essays published in newspapers throughout the nation explaining the meaning and virtues of the Constitution.
The Great Compromise
1787, a proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for a legislature in which the states would be represented in the lower house on the basis of population
The Prophet/Tenskwatawa
Shawnee religious leader Calls for Indians to go back to traditional Indian ways,
Townshend Acts
1767; External, or indirect, levies on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea, the proceeds of which were used to pay colonial governors, who had previously been paid directly by colonial assemblies. Sparked another round of protests in the colonies. Was eventually repealed.
Trail of Tears
Five Civilized Tribes" were forced to take this perilous trek into "Indian Territory
Transcendentalism:
New England philosophy that made a distinction between reason and understanding
Transportation Revolution
a large amount of transportation switched from roads to canals.
Treaty of Greenville
Allowed for settlement in the Ohio River Valley
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
1848; ended the Mexican War.
Treaty of Paris
1783; Peace treaty signed by Britain and the United States ending the Revolutionary War.
Triangular Trade
Exchange of rum, salves, and molasses between the North American colonies, Africa, and the West Indies
Turner, Nat
A slave preacher, led an insurrection in 1831.
Uncle Tom's Cabin
1851 The most powerful document of abolitionist propaganda
Utopian Communities
Experiments in communal living including . Ripley's Brook Farm and the Owenites
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Republican response to the Alien and Sedition acts which said that states could nullify laws
Virginia Debates of 1832
Last state legislative debate over slavery, decided to keep slavery legal
Virginia Plan
This plan called for a new national legislature consisting of two houses where in the lower house states would be represented in proportion to their population
Virtual Representation
Representative concept used in the English Parliament.
Wade-Davis Bill
Passed by Congressional Republicans in response to Lincoln's 10 percent plan, it required that 50 percent of a state's voters pledge allegiance to the Union, and set stronger safeguards for emancipation.
Whiskey Rebellion
farmers in western Pennsylvania raised a major challenge when they refused to pay a whiskey excise tax
Whitefield, George:
a powerful preacher from England who made several evangelizing tours through the colonies during the First Great Awakening
Whitney, Eli
Inventor of the Cotton Gin
Wilmot Proviso
Devised during the Mexican-American war, would have outlawed slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico.
Women's rights
Arose from a growing awareness of the problems for women in a male dominated society.
Women's Sphere
The sphere was in the household,. Women were supposed to be more pure and raise children to be good citizens.
XYZ affair
administration when three French ministers refused to negotiate with Americans without a bribe.
Yeoman Farmers
white farmers who either did not own slaves, or owned only one or two.