copyright
the legal protection afforded an expression of an idea, such as a song, book, or video game
intellectual property
intangible creative work that is embodied in physical form and includes copyrights, trademarks, and patents
ethics
the principles and standards that guide our behavior toward other people
privacy
the right to be left alone when you want to be, to have control over your personal possessions, and not be observed without your consent
confidentiality
the assurance that messages and information remain available only to those authorized to view them
information ethics
govern the ethical and moral issues arising from the development and use of information technologies, as well as the creation, collection, duplication, distribution, and processing of information itself (with or without the aid of computer technologies)
pirated software
the unauthorized use, duplication, distribution, or sale of copyrighted software
counterfeit software
software that is manufactured to look like the real thing and sold as such
digital rights management
a technological solution that allows publishers to control their digital media to discourage, limit, or prevent illegal copying and distribution
information management
examines the organizational resource of information and regulates its definitions, uses, value and distribution ensuring it has the types of data/information required to function and grow effectively
information governance
a method or system of government for information management or control
information compliance
the act of conforming, acquiescing, or yielding information
information property
an ethical issue that focuses on who owns information about individuals and how information can be sold and exchanged
ediscovery (electronic discovery)
refers to the ability of a company to identify, search, gather, seize, or export digital information in responding to a litigation, audit, investigation, or information inquiry
child online protection act (COPA)
passed to protect minors from accessing inappropriate material on the internet
epolicies
policies and procedures that address information management along with the ethical use of computers and the internet in the business environment
cyberbullying
includes threats, negative remarks, or defamatory comments transmitted via the internet or posted on the website
threat
an act or object that poses a danger to assets
click-fraud
the abuse of pay-per-click, pay-per-call. and pay-per-conversion revenue models by repeatedly clicking on a link to increase charges or costs for the advertiser
competitive click-fraud
a computer crime where a competitor or disgruntled employee increases a company's search advertising costs by repeatedly clicking on the advertiser's link
ethical computer use policy
contains general principles to guide computer user behavior (i.e. state that users should refrain from playing computer games during working hours)
information privacy policy
contains general principles regarding information privacy
acceptable use policy (AUP)
requires a user to agree to follow it to be provided access to corporate email, information systems, and the internet
nonrepudiation
contractual stipulation to ensure that ebusiness participants do not deny (repudiate) their online actions
internet use policy
contains general principles to guide the proper use of the internet
cybervandalism
the electronic defacing of an existing website
typosquatting
a problem that occurs when someone registers purposely misspelled variations of well-known domain names
website name stealing
the theft of a website's name that occurs when someone, posing as a sites's administrator, changes the ownership of the domain name assigned to the website to another website owner
internet censorship
government attempts to control internet traffic, thus preventing some material from being viewed by a country's citizens
email privacy policy
details the extent to which email messages may be read by others
mail bomb
sends a massive amount of email to a specific person or system that can cause that user's server to stop functioning
spam
unsolicited email
anti-spam policy
states that email users will not send unsolicited emails (spam)
opt out
choosing to deny permission to incoming emails
teergrubing
an anti spamming approach where the receiving computer launches a return attack against the spammer, sending email messages back to the computer that originated the suspected spam
social media policy
outlining the corporate guidelines or principles governing employee online communications
physical security
tangible protection such as alarms, guards, fireproof doors, fences, and vaults
workplace MIS monitoring
tracks people's activities by such measures as number of keystrokes, error rate, and number of transactions processed
employee monitoring policy
stating explicitly how, when, and where the company monitors its employees
downtime
refers to a period of time when a system in unavailable
information security
a broad term encompassing the protection of information from accidental or intentional misuse by persons inside or outside an organization
hackers
experts in technology who use their knowledge to break into computers and computer networks, either for profit or just motivated by the challenge
drive-by-hacking
a computer attack where an attacker accesses a wireless computer network, intercepts data, uses network services, and/or sends attack instructions without entering the office or organization that owns the network
virus
software written with malicious intent to cause annoyance or damage
adware
software that, while purporting to serve some useful function and often fulfilling that function, also allows internet advertisers to display advertisements without the consent of the computer user
spyware
a special class of adware that collects data about the user and transmits it over the internet without the user's knowledge or permission
insiders
legitimate users who purposely or accidentally misuse their access to the environment and cause some kind of business-affecting incident
social engineering
hackers use their social skills to trick people into revealing access credentials or other valuable information
dumpster diving
looking through people's trash
information security policies
identify the rules required to maintain information security, such as requiring users to log off before leaving lunch or meetings, never sharing passwords with anyone, and changing passwords every 30 days
information security plan
details how an organization will implement the information security policies
destructive agents
malicious agents designed by spammers and other internet attackers to farm email addresses off websites or deposit spyware on machines
identity theft
the forging of someone's identity for the purpose of fraud
information secrecy
the category of computer security that addresses the protection of data from unauthorized disclosure and confirmation of data source authenticity
phishing
a technique to gain personal information for the purpose of identity theft, usually by means of fraudulent emails that look as though they came from legitimate businesses
phishing expedition
a masquerading attack that combines span with spoofing
spear phishing
a phishing expedition in which the emails are carefully designed to target a particular person or organization
vishing (voice phishing)
a phone scam that attempts to defraud people by asking them to call a bogus number to "confirm" their account information
pharming
reroutes requests for legitimate websites to false websites
zombie
a program that secretly takes over another computer for the purpose of launching attacks on other computers
zombie farm
a group of computers on which a hacker has planted zombie programs
pharming attack
uses a zombie farm, often by an organized crime association, to launch a massive phishing attack
authentication
a method for confirming users' identities
authorization
the process of providing a user with permission including access levels and abilities such as file access, hours of access, and amount of allocated storage space
tokens
small electronic devices that change user passwords automatically
smart card
a device about the size of a credit card, containing embedded technologies that can store information and small amounts of software to perform some limited processing
biometrics
the identification of a user based on physical characteristic, such as a fingerprint, iris, face, voice, or handwriting
time bombs
computer viruses that wait for a specific date before executing their instructions
content filtering
occurs when organizations use software that filters content, such as emails, to prevent the accidental or malicious transmission of unauthorized information
encryption
scrambles information into an alternative form that requires a key or password to decrypt
decrypt
opposite of encrypt, decode information
cryptography
the science that studies encryption, which is the hiding of messages so that only the sender and receiver can read them
advanced encryption standard (AES)
designed to keep government information secure
public key encryption (PKE)
uses two keys: a public key that everyone can have and a private key for only the recipient
certificate authority
a trusted third party, such as verisign, that validates user identities by means of digital certificates
digital certificate
a data file that identifies individuals or organizations online and is comparable to a digital signature
firewall
a hardware and/or software that guard a private network by analyzing incoming and outgoing information for the correct markings
antivirus software
scans and searches hard drives to prevent, detect, and remove known viruses, adware, and spyware
cyberwar
an organized attempt by a country's military to disrupt or destroy information and communication systems for another country
cyberterrorism
the use of computer and networking technologies against persons or property to intimidate or coerce governments, individuals, or any segment of society to attain political, religious, or ideological goals
intrusion detection software (IDS)
features full-time monitoring tools that search for patterns in network traffic to identify intruders